Mandatory Reporting free essay sample

The mandatory reporting law is a great law that is in need of major revisions. The role of the doctor has been clear and distinct in my life. I have always looked at my doctor as a person who assists me with health issues. But somewhere down the line, the role of the doctor has changed. Doctors are taking on the decision making of the patient. In a recent bill that was passed, practitioners are required to report any physical injury that is due to firearm, assault, or abusive conduct. This law is called, â€Å"The Mandatory Reporting Law†, in which it aids victims of domestic violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Reporting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the word â€Å"aid† has speculated through many people in examining this law. Mandatory Reporting has become a big controversial topic, in which people are investigating the pros and cons. To understand the pros and cons of the Mandatory Reporting law it is important to address the historical and social relevance of domestic violence. Domestic violence has been an ongoing problem for centuries. Historically men would have power over their wives. Women would be beaten for not having the dinner made or not taking part in sexual activities. Domestic violence was very common, in which the man would usually be the batterer and the woman would be the victim. Taking into consideration that women had no rights or power, they were subject to the abuse, society treated spousal abuse as a normal way of life—domestic violence was not seen as a crime. According to Dr. Mitizi Krocker (Roan, 1996) many practitioners and police felt that it was not their job to assist in domestic violence situation. As years went by, women were starting to gain rights. Women started talking about their abuse and finding the courage to leave. As a result, resources were developing for victims of domestic abuse. A resource that was developed was the Mandatory Reporting Law. The Mandatory Reporting Law stemmed out of the ideologies of society not caring or taking domestic violence seriously. There were too many batterers getting off the hook and or not being caught. The Mandatory Reporting law would assist in building a stronger case for victims and creating a method for batterers to be prosecuted. Mandatory Reporting was introduced by Jackie Speier (Assemblywoman) in the O. J. Simpson era. In 1994, as Americans tuned into the O. J. Simpson case, domestic violence was becoming an interesting subject. People were eager to find out if Nicole Simpson (a battered wife killed) would be found justice. When the verdict was reached, domestic violence was confirmed as an insignificant matter. Unfortunately, O. J. Simpson was released and dropped of charges because of the lack of evidence in the defense of Nicole. Mandatory Reporting has been a tool that can help in the defense of a victim. Many victims are abused and never tell anyone and or visit a practitioner. As a result, when the victim appears in court they usually have no solid proof on the accusers side. With the help of Mandatory Reporting, practitioner are required to document and make a police report, in which hard core evidence is produced. Kramer (one of the victims in Smith article) suggests that mandatory reporting is an excellent resource—women that are victims of domestic violence are forced to report. She further explains that women who have come into hospitals have altered the truth about their injuries. Mandatory Reporting will confirm that these women will be taken care of, in regards to the batterer being confronted. Mandatory Reporting is available at any licensed doctor who performs medical services to the victim. The practitioner is automatically required to assist in domestic abuse cases. The question to be raised is what happens when victims do not want to be reported? Under the law practitioners are not required to inform the patient of the reporting. Victims are reported rather than agree or disagree to the terms. The doctor is obligated to report any suspicious behavior leading to domestic violence. As a result, Mandatory Reporting is being utilized frequently. However, many victims are catching on to the law, in which they are steering away from their doctors. Victims are afraid of the action that the law might take. The law is utilized daily to victims who come into the hospital with an injury. Practitioners who fail to report can result in a misdemeanor charge and or fine. Mandatory Reporting has the intended benefit. Critics have mentioned that Mandatory Reporting was designed to catch the battered and not worry about the well being of the victim. The intended effect has been accomplished through evidence; there has been an increase in prosecuting the batterer. However, an unintentional effect has been the decline in women going to their doctors for medical assistance. Immigrant women have really declined in seeking medical attention because they are scared to be removed from America. There has not been any evidence that has proven that mandatory reporting is beneficial to the victim’s safety. Beverly Upton states, â€Å"In some counties, officers show up at the victims home and arrests the batterer upon receiving the report from the practitioner this can increase danger for the woman. The law did not take into consideration the danger that some victims would encounter, when their spouse would be released from jail. Many batterers will leave jail, angry at their spouse for reporting the abuse. As a result, victims would be severely beaten. The victim would be afraid to seek medical attention again. Lynn Smith explains how many women are going to shelters for medical attention. Another unintended effect is that in some cases doctors are put into an awkward position, where they are faced to report something that their patient asked them not to do. The law is relevant but not accessible to marginalize populations. What the law brings to victims in a sense of loss freedom—not being able to make decisions about their personal wellbeing. The worst thing that could happen to a person is to take their freedom away from them. When people realize that their freedom is limited, few people will conform. Victims should have the right and support to keep their injuries confidential. A third party should not be involved in a situation, where the victim has refused the service. Adults are being treated as if they have no voice in regards to their life. Mandatory Reporting is not accessible to the marginalized population because it does not take into consideration all of the effects of the law. Mandatory Reporting is an excellent resource; however there are some things that could be modified. According to the Association of Women’s Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (n. d. , p. 1), mandatory reporting should not be modeled from child abuse laws—these victims are adults who are capable to make decisions for themselves. I believe that victims should be able to have the right to decide whether they would like to report their injury or not. Practitioners do not know the circumstances of the particular family. Who gives them the right to decide on a family’s wellbeing? In some cases there are children involved. What happens to a child if they see one of their parent’s arrested? How will the child cope with not having a father or mother around? The law also does not take into the consideration of finances. If a family depends on one another for financial support, how will the family cope with a missing income? These are all question that should have been taken into consideration when the law was written. Beverly Upton suggests that there is a need for a change in the language if we would like to keep the law active. The language of the law is not formatted for victims to feel safe on reporting to their doctors on medical situations. The whole notion of doctors composing a report because of suspicion has also been a red flag. The word â€Å"suspect† is not accurate enough for me, because speculation can be wrong. A woman could have encountered a black eye because she was hit with a baseball. What does the doctor do, if there is a false report made? How will a family cope with a false arrest on a member of the family? I project that a victim must admit to being abused before the practitioner takes any additional steps. If the practitioner believes that the victims injuries were related to domestic abuse, the Practitioner should offer a class or counseling for the victim. As Lynn Smith (1995) states, â€Å"it is unfortunate that law requiring reporting came before the one requiring training. † Doctors should be required to take part in training, where they are taught to address and understand domestic violence to a patient. Practitioners should be able to recommend proper support when a victim is under abuse. In some cases, reporting their alleged abuse to the police is detrimental to the victim and or their family. The Mandatory Reporting Law has benefited and hindered victims of domestic violence. I agree with Beverly Upton, that there should be a change in language. The law is a good attempt to cracking down on domestic violence, but it leaves out the importance of the situation; which is to protect the victim. Mandatory Reporting should not be a tool to capture batterers, but a tool to assist and support victims. Jackie Speier must have kept in mind the safety of the victim. In writing a law, one must take into consideration all of the possibilities that may occur. The law benefits the victims that want to escape from their batterer, but it does not assist victims who are still in denial about their abuse. Many victims have trouble realizing that they are in a bad situation. Victims might feel that their abuse is caused by their behavior, or some might be victims of abuse for years in which they see nothing wrong with it. Before a judgment is called about a victim’s situation, there must be a full analysis of their circumstances. One must have a good insight on her life, before making judgment. There are too many risks that can take into place, if the right choice for the victim is not made. Mandatory Reporting becomes a controversial topic because there is a conflict with the purpose of the situation; some people believe that the end to domestic violence is capturing the batterer, as the opposing view would believe that the end to domestic violence is to remove the victim out of the situation in the best interest of the victim. The key to eliminating domestic violence is taking into consideration that everyone’s situation is different. There might be a need to call the police and have a batterer arrested in some situations in which the victim feels that he/she has had enough. In other cases the victim might not want to leave, in which counseling would be implemented to get him/her in the mind frame to leave their situation. Domestic violence is a sticky subject, in where it varies from place to place. Mandatory Reporting will not encompass all of the needs for victims of domestic violence; instead it will serve as an aid to a certain population. Until Mandatory Reporting is modified, the law will remain controversial in attempts to addressing domestic violence.

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buy custom Business Environment essay A price maker is a company or an individual in a market that has the power to influence the price of a certain good due to monopoly or the high quality of their product. Price makers usually do not have competitors, and if they have their products are more valued. A price taker is usually a company or an individual who does not have any influence in the market price of the goods. Most investors are usually price takers, as they have to accept the price set in the market in order to sell their products. Price takers contrasts with price makers. Roles of competitive dynamics within the context of strategic business planning Competitive dynamics is the study of how companies take actions in a market in order to gain profits or improve their products or services. These actions usually affect the industry in different ways, as companies tend to compete. One of the most pivotal roles in competitive dynamics is usually to gain profits. Companies in a monopolistic market tend to strategize to make profits just like the market leader. Profits made by the market leader usually motivate the other companies to take action, which can be termed as creative destruction. Secondly, companies will usually want to introduce a new product in a firm in order to keep the competition. When one company tends to be running he market, the others may have to introduce a new product to create competition. This new product will create curiosity among the buyers who will want to try it thus creating competition for the old product. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive environment where firms are price takers Firstly, the supply and demand of a product should be considered in a market environment, which has many price takers. Supply and demand usually determine the profit that the firm would make at the long run. An individual or a firm should not risk joining a price takers business environment that has low demand. Inflation entails the general rising of price of products in a business environment. A rise in price will always affect the purchasing power of products by the buyers. In a price takers business environment, this may be tricky and; thus, should be genuinely considered. Lastly, market policy should also be put into consideration. It is somewhat risky businesswise being a price taker. Considering this, a person should study the policies put into place before venturing into a price taker market. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive market environment where firms are price makers Firstly, the demand of the product should be considered. In aa market that has price takers, it is usually hard to convince the buyers why they should buy your product on whatever price you have set. The price makers should have the persuasive power in order to gain more customers in the market. Secondly, branding is usually an essential thing to be considered. The high competition calls for a unique branding so that you can appeal to a larger audience. In addition to branding, price makers environment needs a firm to consider high marketing of a product and create product features. Furthermore, an individual or a firm has to learn about the market needs. At some point, some market environments can be certainly resistant to change or introduction of a new product. Price makers should always consider if the buyers may need a change or not. Lastly, factoring the gross profit is essential. Gross comprises of the resulting money excluding the production cost. In a highly competitive market with price makers, one may also experience high losses due to lack of consideration of the gross margin. In conclusion, it is more advised to be your own price maker rather than the price so that you can set price anywhere on the demand curve. Various points should be considered in environments that comprise of price makers and price takers. Such include the market policy, inflation, and branding. Buy custom Business Environment essay

Methodology chapter in my dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methodology chapter in my dissertation - Essay Example Interpretivism denotes a research method that lays importance on deductive reasoning and is thus in contrast to positivism. For the deductive reasoning process, the researcher interprets data keeping in mind the context and meaning of the observed phenomenon, and hence is a qualitative process (Carson et al., 2001; Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). Pragmatism denotes an attitude that reflects efficiency and utility (Thayer, 2011). The researcher interprets the data in a manner that serves his purpose best. In this sense, it can be said that pragmatism combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects of data collection and interpretation. Investment decision in the selected chemical companies is to be based on a analysis of the data of each firm at micro-level, in the macro-context of the chemical industry. It entails both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Hence, the Researcher is choosing the pragmatism methodology for this

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of Essay

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of domestic and foreign policy, as well as the challenges they faced when they became president - Essay Example s plan, which had far reaching impacts how the national debt, excise taxes, protective tariffs on imports, and as far the management of the national purse, national bank, was to be handled (Ferling (a)11-23). Washington was a unifying factor and rallied the nation towards avoiding war, a fact that destabilized the strength of the nation regarding foreign relations. His first major challenge touched on his conduct with reference to Jay’s Treaty, signed with England-a treaty that infuriated the public leaving a trail of questions to the extent to which United States would be an influencing agent in international affairs. Nevertheless, putting into practice the Hamilton’s plan strengthened economic prospects domestically. He did quell the Whiskey Rebellion, which was sparked off by the levying of excise taxes, reminding people that federal concerns superseded local thoughts in the new republic. Generally, Washington’s tenure was a success as he steered the young nat ion through a delicate beginning (Ferling (b) 55). Reeling under the influence and successes of predecessor Washington, John Adams assumed power promising to modernize the US economy through promotion of education as well as keeping peace with foreign powers. However, his tenures ran into trouble with factions supporting US-British alliance and those sympathetic of France in a war that began in 1793 between the two neighbors. Stymied by a congress controlled much by his opposes, Adams stood his ground, devoting his best to the development of his country (Ferling (b) 87). Wearing Washington’s shoes, he knew too well the unpreparedness of his nation to fight outside wars. As such he sacrificed his popularity to settle â€Å"quasi-war† with France through his son Quincy Adams (Grant 71). His best remembered as a diplomat who contributed immensely in shaping Americas foreign policy in line with ardent nationalist policies tailored towards America’s republican values. His administration upheld and

Renal transplants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renal transplants - Research Paper Example During this time, approximately one third of potential living donors are unable to donate to their potential recipients due to ABO or antigen incompatibility. Kidney paired donation (KPD) and kidney list donation (KLD) were the alternative options for candidates with incompatible donor (McKay, 2010, 103). The first KPD transplant was performed on South Korea in 1991. The United States performed its first KPD transplant in 2000 in Rhode Island Hospital while the first KLD occurred in England in 2001 (McKay, 2010, 104). The kidney is the most commonly transplanted organ in the world with more than 160,000 persons in the United States living with a transplanted kidney by the end of 2008 (Shoskes, 2011, 154). But despite this number, persons needing kidney transplantation still increases and a relative scarcity in terms of resource arise. A complete array of information about kidney transplantation was included in the databases of U.S. Renal Database System (USRDS), Scientific Registry o f Renal Transplants Recipients (SRTR), United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), and Collaborative Transplant Study (Shoskes, 2011, 154). Procedures Before a patient undergo kidney transplantation, a series of laboratory tests and procedures are needed to perform and complete. Matching is the key tool is successful transplantation. The donor’s organ should match the recipient’s body in terms of ABO and antigen incompatibility to avoid risks of rejection. The patient with end-stage renal disease may choose from treatments such as peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or transplantation. Transplantation is done if the patient wants the treatment or if according to disease severity, requires the transplantation procedure. The surgical team involves the pre-emptive living donor (LD) transplantation to minimize pre-operation transplant list and maximize operative choices. The LD transplantation decreases the risk of acute tubular necrosis due to ischemia, increases potential fo r matching, and offers opportunity to initiate and optimize immunosuppressive therapy, thereby reducing acute rejection episodes (McKay, 2010, 17). Background regarding the quality of the donor’s organ was predetermined and positive outcome was expected. Then, the transplant team prepares the patient for the procedure. However, if the patient has superior vena cava syndrome due to an AV graft in the previous hemodialysis, a different procedure is done by the nephrologists and cardiologists. The organ transplantation is divided into five separate procedures (McKay, 2010, 18) and discussed as follows: 1) Preparation – the surgeon discuss to the patient the surgical procedure. General anesthesia is introduced after and intraoperative measures are implemented. 2) Exposure – after prepping and draping, incision is made in the right or left lower quadrant. 3) Vascular Anastomoses – venous anastomoses first and arterial anastomoses must be last to avoid complica tions of bleeding and thrombosis. The kidney is chilled and topical iced is used liberally. Clamp is placed in the renal vein. 4) Ureteral anastomoses – is the preferred method to establish urologic continuity 5) Closing – wound/skin closure and measures to prevent complications. After completion of all the procedures in kidney transplantation, the patient is placed in the recovery area and post-operative interventions are applied. Health providers monitor for rejection signs post-operative

Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research

Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research Aashiyana Vadsariya Introduction    Evaluation is a process of reviewing of any programme, project or policy, its design and results. The main objective of doing evaluation is to measure the effectiveness of the programme or policy, its impact and sustainability. Evaluation helps to solve the problem as well as to build the knowledge and it enhances the decision making process and thus evaluation is an important part of quality improvement (The Health Foundation, 2015). There are different types of evaluation such as formative evaluation, outcome evaluation, process evaluation, impact evaluation and economic evaluation which can be conducted to ensure programme activities. Moreover, vigorous evaluation provides not only about intervention that is worked but it also describes why and how that allows an individual to discover new interventions in healthcare settings. Additionally, it involves ethical approval, collection and analysis of data (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Background of the study According to Ministry of Health (2015), Breast cancer is the third most common cancer in New Zealand. It causes more than 600 deaths every year. Breast cancer is most common over the age of 50 and risk of developing breast cancer increases as age increases. Approximate 80% of women are over 50 years of age who died because of breast cancer. There are 8 cases diagnosed with breast cancer every day, out of them 1 will be Maori and pacific women who are at higher risk of dying from breast cancer. Maori women are more likely to develop breast cancer about 33% than non-Maori women (The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation, 2013). National Breast Cancer Foundation describes certain risk factors which increases the chance of developing cancer such as age, gender, positive family history, personal health history and genetic factors. Ministry of Health have started the programme called Breast Cancer Screen Aotearoa to fight against breast cancer by providing free breast screening to the women aged 45-69 years of age. The main objective of this programme is to reduce number of deaths from breast cancer by providing them regular screening (National Screening Unit, 2014). This paper will critically evaluate five (5) research papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance, methodology and quality and will analyse the four (4) audit and evaluation processes and approaches such as outcome, process, impact, economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. This study evaluated the breast cancer early detection programme in Basque country in relation to cost effectiveness and budget impact from 1996 to 2011. The researcher has used population level and single cohort analysis methodology. Annual costs were taken into consideration for budget impact analysis. The results of this study showed that total cost of breast cancer screening program was 1,127 million euros and 6.7 million QALYs over the lifetime of the target population, bringing about a pickup of 8,666 QALYs for an extra cost of 36.4 million euros (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). The researcher has finally summed up that the breast screening programme ran in Basque country was cost effective and as per determined budget impact. This study contributes to measure cost effectiveness of this breast cancer screening programme and evaluate its budget in order to decide the future of this programme. A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness about risk factors leads to breast cancer in Indian women and healthcare professionals through literature review. The researcher used bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health. The findings of the research suggested that total 7066 number of women between ages of 15-70 years reflected different level of awareness on risk factors such as family history (13-58%), obesity (11-50%) and reproductive history around 1-88% (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). Low cancer literacy on risk factors of breast cancer among Indian women and healthcare professional noted during research process irrespective of their socio-economic status and education was (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). This study contributes to aware the nation about programmes and to improve the cancer literacy rate in India by engaging various stakeholders of society and health system. National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. The researcher evaluated participation rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer screening programme in Singapore during this study. This study involved the use of retrospective evaluation approach by using the BSS system and the Singapore Cancer Registry data on women aged 40-69 screened in period of 2002-2009. The results showed that participation rate was more than 10% since 2005 and performance indicators (such as screen detection rates, small tumour detection rates, recall rates, accuracy and interval cancer rates were improved from 2002-2006 to 2007-2009 (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). This study indicated that there is room for improvement in participation rate in breast cancer screening in Singapore by providing screening packages, reducing screening cost and targeting underserved populations. This study contributes to improve the participation rate of breast cancer screening programme for the effectiveness of the BreastScreen Singapore by providing training opportunities to the healthcare professionals. Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. This study was conducted to determine the impact of differences in rates of mammographic screening on inequities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and Pakeha women. The researcher used Waikato Breast Cancer Register and the National Screening Database to compare the data for diagnosis and survival between screen detected and non screen detected breast cancer by socio-economic status and ethnicity. The results indicated that there were lower rate of screen detected cancer in Maori women and also they had lower 10 year breast cancer survival rate as compared to Pakeha women (46.5% vs. 73.2%) (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015). The study determined that lower rate of screening detected breast cancer was the important reason for lower rate of survival for Maori women in comparison to European women. This study contributes to assess the screening rates, to improve the survival for Maori women and to reduce inequity for the breast cancer survival among Maori and New Zealand European women. An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme This research was carried out to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. This study estimated the effects of the national breast screening programme in regards to breast cancer incidence, mortality and over-diagnosis of breast cancer. The researcher has used quantitative methodology and retrospective case control study to describe the policy on mammographic screening. The findings suggested that there is decrease in incidence by screening, excess risk of disease in screened ages from 47-54 years and potential deficit in risk seen between the ages of 65-69 years up to 15 years of screening (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013). This research concluded that case control evaluation strategy relates the clinical endpoints to the screening history. This study contributes to measure the effectiveness of the national breast screening programme in England, benefits on mortality from and on incidence of invasive primary breast cancer and harms from over-diagnosis. Audit and Evaluation processes Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. Economic evaluation is one of the most important forms of evaluation which measures the expenditure and their consequences and also describes about allocation of the resources (Cunningham, 2000). In this research, the researcher has used economic evaluation to measure cost effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country from 1996 to 2011. This study was mainly based on budget impact analysis and retrospective cost effectiveness evaluation to determine what resources are being used in programme and their costs as compare to outcomes (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). Economic evaluation in this research took a step back and looked objectively in context to appropriate role and use of cost effective analysis in order to determine the outcome of the breast cancer screening programme. This research revealed that the breast screening programme was found to be cost effective within determined budget impact (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? Outcome evaluation identifies the effects of the programme in target populations by reviewing effectiveness of programme (Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).The researcher used outcome evaluation to determine awareness levels of risk factors for breast cancer among women and healthcare professional in India. This outcome evaluation was undertaken through a structured literature review by using bibliographic databases journals (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). The main purpose of this outcome evaluation in this study was to assess the cancer literacy among women in India because of the rising incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that there was a low literacy rate among Indian women regarding risk factors that causes breast cancer through this evaluation study (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. Process evaluation was conducted to assess how this breast screening programme is being implemented whereas outcome evaluation was conducted to measure the outcome and effectiveness of this programme (NYS Health Foundation, 2016). The researcher used outcome and process evaluation to evaluate the participation rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer Screening programme in Singapore. Data was collected on women aged 40-69 screened during period of 2002-2009 from the BreastScreen Singapore and Singapore Cancer Registry (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). Process and outcome evaluation was helpful to determine the rate of participation and performance indicators, to measure the quality of the programme delivered and to assess the effectiveness of the breast screen Singapore programme. This evaluation allows researcher to examine the performance of this Breast Screen Singapore programme and to recommend further changes if required. Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. Impact evaluation measures whether the programme is effective in achieving its goal or not. Generally, it identifies long term effects and changes in outcome based on cause and effect analysis (Collins, 2017). The researcher utilised impact evaluation to determine the impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socio economic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and European women. The researcher collected data by using National Screening Database and Waikato Breast cancer Register (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015). Impact evaluation was carried out to measure the impact of screening programme on ethnic and socio economic inequities for breast cancer survival rate which can be useful for government to take necessary actions and to form policies in healthcare settings to reduce inequalities in health. An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme Process evaluation determines the effectiveness of the programme and how well the programme is working (Community Interventions for Health, 2017). The researcher used process and impact evaluation to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. Impact evaluation was helpful to identify the impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Data was gathered by traditional retrospective case control study of deaths and incidences cases of breast cancer in England within 2 years of period during this ongoing evaluation (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013). The main purpose of impact evaluation is to see that breast cancer screening programme is working effectively and is doing well than harm. Process evaluation can help to ensure that the breast screening programme continues to deliver the predicted health benefits and potentially improve the programme by assessing the good and bad practices. Evaluative Model The (CIPP) model The CIPP evaluation model is developed by Stufflebeam in 1983 which provides comprehensive framework for the evaluation of the programmes. The CIPP model consists of four components which are context, Input, Process and product evaluation. The CIPP model mainly focuses on improvement of the programme rather than justifying about the programme. The main purpose of this CIPP model is to offer critical and rational basis for the programme decision making by applying different aspects of this evaluation model according to the needs of decision makers and programme activities based on the planning and implementation for the continuous improvement of the programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003). The context, input and process evaluation approach are based on formative evaluation whereas product approach is useful for summative evaluation study. The four elements of the evaluation model must be taken into consideration otherwise it could reduce the effectiveness of the project. The context evaluation study can be conducted when a new programme is being planned which helps to identify the program goals and objectives by assessing needs whereas the input evaluation study can be conducted during resource allocation to assess the feasibility or the cost effectiveness of the alternate approaches. It provides systematic approach to programme design and helps the evaluators and experts to develop the programme which is most likely to work better (Frye Hemmer, 2012). Source: Adapted from Stufflebeams CIPP Evaluation Model (1983). Retrieved from http://arcmit01.uncw.edu/jonesi/Evaluation.html The process evaluation helps the evaluators and stakeholders to assess the implementation of the programme and to interpret the outcomes of the programme through document review, observation and participant interview. On the other hand, the product evaluation is similar to outcome evaluation which focuses on assessing the outcomes of the programme including positive or negative, short term or long term outcomes. In general, the CIPP model provides information about improvement of the programme, interpretation of the programme outcomes and information for accountability. However, careful planning is needed while applying this model. This model is useful for retrospective evaluation of a completed programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003). This evaluation model can contribute to measure the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme run by Ministry of Health in New Zealand. The four elements of the model can be used to improve the programme by identifying the non-compliance of women for the breast screening programme. Auditing and evaluating the breast cancer screening programme helps to know the barriers and promote the awareness regarding breast cancer to provide beast quality care services to the New Zealanders. Furthermore, staying healthier is one of priorities of the Ministry of health. It can be achieved through evaluating the programme and implementing a change accordingly if needed. Conclusion Evaluation research is an essential tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme or to know how well the programme is working. Evaluation research helps managers and stakeholders of the organisation to improve the performance of the organisation and to provide the quality care health services. Staff and clients can be encouraged to provide useful feedback about the programme which helps in decision making and policy formation about the programme and thus improving the services provided by organisation. References Arrospide, A., Rue, M., Van Ravesteyn, N. T., Comas, M., Soto-Gordoa, M., Sarriugarte, G., Mar, J. (2016). Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12885-016- 2386-y Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdf Collins, K.B. (2017). What is Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from http://programs.online.american.edu/online-graduate-certificates/project- monitoring/resource/what-is-impact-evaluation Community Interventions for Health. (2017). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http://www.oxha.org/cih_manual/index.php/process-evaluation Cunningham, S.J. (2000). Economics: Economic evaluation of healthcare is it important to us? Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v188/n5/full/4800444a.html Frye, A. W., Hemmer, P. A. (2012). Program evaluation models and related theories: AMEE Guide No. 67. Medical Teacher, 34(5), e288-e299. doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.66863 Gupta, A., Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. (2015). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? European Journal of Cancer, 51(14), 2058-2066. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.008 Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). International handbook of educational evaluation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0309-4_4 Loy, E. Y., Molinar, D., Chow, K. Y., Fock, C. (2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. Journal of Medical Screening, 22(4), 194-200. doi:10.1177/0969141315589644 Massat, N. J., Sasieni, P. D., Parmar, D., Duffy, S. W. (2013). An ongoing case- control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme. BMC Cancer, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-596 Ministry of Health. (2015). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases- and-illnesses/breast-cancer National Screening Unit. (2014). BreastScreen Aotearoa. Retrieved from https://www.nsu.govt.nz/breastscreen-aotearoa/about-breast-screening- programme NYS Health Foundation. (2016). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http://nyshealthfoundation.org/our-grantees/grantee-resources/process- evaluation Seneviratne, S., Campbell, I., Scott, N., Shirley, R., Lawrenson, R. (2015). Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1383-4 The Health Foundation. (2015). Evaluation: what to consider. Retrieved from http://www.health.org.uk/sites/health/files/EvaluationWhatToConsider.pdf The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. (2013). New Zealand Breast Cancer Facts. Retrieved from http://nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Overview/BreastCancerinNZ/Fastfacts.a spx

Unions Essay -- essays research papers fc

Michael Paul 099 66 3949 History 316z Trade unionism, industrial unionism, and socialism were the main forms of organized labor in the late nineteenth century early twentieth century, yet rarely did these shifting currents flow in complementary ways that might appeal to the vast majority of struggling workers. The three most important formal organizations were the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Socialist Party of America. All three of these organizations had there own strengths but the many weaknesses and divisions combined with outside influences caused the retardation of their radical, left wing ideas. The American Federation of Labor was founded with the intention of building the class conscioussness and economic power of workers by organizing them on occupational lines. It pursued policies to win short term, concrete, economic gains (Cashman,206.) The AFL was first established as the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor U nions of the United States and Canada from several independent national trade unions in 1881 and it took its definitive form and new name in 1886.The AFL was decentralized and organized as a loose coalition of almost autonomous national unions (Cashman,205.) The advantage to this was that decisions were made in each union where the leaders understood the situation. However, the AFL retreated from its Marxian origins to become a profoundly conservative organization restricted to the ranks of skilled, white males. This restrictive policy was a major flaw of the AFL and kept them from gaining the numbers and strength that it may have attained. These policies came directly from the ideas of the AFL’s longtime leader Samuel Gompers. Gompers believed that labor should accept the existing capitalist economy but try and get a larger share for labor by way of higher wages, shorter hours and better conditions of work. He believed that the idealistic goal of a fundamental economic refor m was an illusion (Cashman,221.) His conservative approach included negotiation and conciliation in labor disputes and in resort to strikes only after other methods had failed. He opposed alliances with political parties and the formation of a labor political party. His prime concern was the status of the skilled worker, which under his leadership attained greater stability than ever before. In concentratin... ...s. By contrast the IWW led by Bill Haywood was the most radical and controversial of all American labor movements. Haywood’s unconventional methods and uncompromising stands frequently put him at odds with allies and opponents alike. And the Socialist Party of America led by Eugene Debs had potential to improve the lives of workers everywhere but do to internal conflicts was unable to truly make a difference. Had these three organizations been able to play off one another they may have been able to realize their ultimate goals. The AFL containing the skilled workers was the most powerful, the IWW took what the AFL did not want giving the unskilled worker a voice and the Socialist Party went in to politics, using political offices to gain power for the working class. Ultimately because of the different outlooks of these three groups the American labor movement, though it gained some ground, was a loss. Bibliography Works cited Cashman, Sean. America in the age of titans. New York university press, NY ,1988 Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers university of illinois press, illinois 1997 Leuchtenberg, William. The Perils of Prosperity. The university of chicago press, london, 1958