Mandatory Reporting free essay sample

The mandatory reporting law is a great law that is in need of major revisions. The role of the doctor has been clear and distinct in my life. I have always looked at my doctor as a person who assists me with health issues. But somewhere down the line, the role of the doctor has changed. Doctors are taking on the decision making of the patient. In a recent bill that was passed, practitioners are required to report any physical injury that is due to firearm, assault, or abusive conduct. This law is called, â€Å"The Mandatory Reporting Law†, in which it aids victims of domestic violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Reporting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the word â€Å"aid† has speculated through many people in examining this law. Mandatory Reporting has become a big controversial topic, in which people are investigating the pros and cons. To understand the pros and cons of the Mandatory Reporting law it is important to address the historical and social relevance of domestic violence. Domestic violence has been an ongoing problem for centuries. Historically men would have power over their wives. Women would be beaten for not having the dinner made or not taking part in sexual activities. Domestic violence was very common, in which the man would usually be the batterer and the woman would be the victim. Taking into consideration that women had no rights or power, they were subject to the abuse, society treated spousal abuse as a normal way of life—domestic violence was not seen as a crime. According to Dr. Mitizi Krocker (Roan, 1996) many practitioners and police felt that it was not their job to assist in domestic violence situation. As years went by, women were starting to gain rights. Women started talking about their abuse and finding the courage to leave. As a result, resources were developing for victims of domestic abuse. A resource that was developed was the Mandatory Reporting Law. The Mandatory Reporting Law stemmed out of the ideologies of society not caring or taking domestic violence seriously. There were too many batterers getting off the hook and or not being caught. The Mandatory Reporting law would assist in building a stronger case for victims and creating a method for batterers to be prosecuted. Mandatory Reporting was introduced by Jackie Speier (Assemblywoman) in the O. J. Simpson era. In 1994, as Americans tuned into the O. J. Simpson case, domestic violence was becoming an interesting subject. People were eager to find out if Nicole Simpson (a battered wife killed) would be found justice. When the verdict was reached, domestic violence was confirmed as an insignificant matter. Unfortunately, O. J. Simpson was released and dropped of charges because of the lack of evidence in the defense of Nicole. Mandatory Reporting has been a tool that can help in the defense of a victim. Many victims are abused and never tell anyone and or visit a practitioner. As a result, when the victim appears in court they usually have no solid proof on the accusers side. With the help of Mandatory Reporting, practitioner are required to document and make a police report, in which hard core evidence is produced. Kramer (one of the victims in Smith article) suggests that mandatory reporting is an excellent resource—women that are victims of domestic violence are forced to report. She further explains that women who have come into hospitals have altered the truth about their injuries. Mandatory Reporting will confirm that these women will be taken care of, in regards to the batterer being confronted. Mandatory Reporting is available at any licensed doctor who performs medical services to the victim. The practitioner is automatically required to assist in domestic abuse cases. The question to be raised is what happens when victims do not want to be reported? Under the law practitioners are not required to inform the patient of the reporting. Victims are reported rather than agree or disagree to the terms. The doctor is obligated to report any suspicious behavior leading to domestic violence. As a result, Mandatory Reporting is being utilized frequently. However, many victims are catching on to the law, in which they are steering away from their doctors. Victims are afraid of the action that the law might take. The law is utilized daily to victims who come into the hospital with an injury. Practitioners who fail to report can result in a misdemeanor charge and or fine. Mandatory Reporting has the intended benefit. Critics have mentioned that Mandatory Reporting was designed to catch the battered and not worry about the well being of the victim. The intended effect has been accomplished through evidence; there has been an increase in prosecuting the batterer. However, an unintentional effect has been the decline in women going to their doctors for medical assistance. Immigrant women have really declined in seeking medical attention because they are scared to be removed from America. There has not been any evidence that has proven that mandatory reporting is beneficial to the victim’s safety. Beverly Upton states, â€Å"In some counties, officers show up at the victims home and arrests the batterer upon receiving the report from the practitioner this can increase danger for the woman. The law did not take into consideration the danger that some victims would encounter, when their spouse would be released from jail. Many batterers will leave jail, angry at their spouse for reporting the abuse. As a result, victims would be severely beaten. The victim would be afraid to seek medical attention again. Lynn Smith explains how many women are going to shelters for medical attention. Another unintended effect is that in some cases doctors are put into an awkward position, where they are faced to report something that their patient asked them not to do. The law is relevant but not accessible to marginalize populations. What the law brings to victims in a sense of loss freedom—not being able to make decisions about their personal wellbeing. The worst thing that could happen to a person is to take their freedom away from them. When people realize that their freedom is limited, few people will conform. Victims should have the right and support to keep their injuries confidential. A third party should not be involved in a situation, where the victim has refused the service. Adults are being treated as if they have no voice in regards to their life. Mandatory Reporting is not accessible to the marginalized population because it does not take into consideration all of the effects of the law. Mandatory Reporting is an excellent resource; however there are some things that could be modified. According to the Association of Women’s Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (n. d. , p. 1), mandatory reporting should not be modeled from child abuse laws—these victims are adults who are capable to make decisions for themselves. I believe that victims should be able to have the right to decide whether they would like to report their injury or not. Practitioners do not know the circumstances of the particular family. Who gives them the right to decide on a family’s wellbeing? In some cases there are children involved. What happens to a child if they see one of their parent’s arrested? How will the child cope with not having a father or mother around? The law also does not take into the consideration of finances. If a family depends on one another for financial support, how will the family cope with a missing income? These are all question that should have been taken into consideration when the law was written. Beverly Upton suggests that there is a need for a change in the language if we would like to keep the law active. The language of the law is not formatted for victims to feel safe on reporting to their doctors on medical situations. The whole notion of doctors composing a report because of suspicion has also been a red flag. The word â€Å"suspect† is not accurate enough for me, because speculation can be wrong. A woman could have encountered a black eye because she was hit with a baseball. What does the doctor do, if there is a false report made? How will a family cope with a false arrest on a member of the family? I project that a victim must admit to being abused before the practitioner takes any additional steps. If the practitioner believes that the victims injuries were related to domestic abuse, the Practitioner should offer a class or counseling for the victim. As Lynn Smith (1995) states, â€Å"it is unfortunate that law requiring reporting came before the one requiring training. † Doctors should be required to take part in training, where they are taught to address and understand domestic violence to a patient. Practitioners should be able to recommend proper support when a victim is under abuse. In some cases, reporting their alleged abuse to the police is detrimental to the victim and or their family. The Mandatory Reporting Law has benefited and hindered victims of domestic violence. I agree with Beverly Upton, that there should be a change in language. The law is a good attempt to cracking down on domestic violence, but it leaves out the importance of the situation; which is to protect the victim. Mandatory Reporting should not be a tool to capture batterers, but a tool to assist and support victims. Jackie Speier must have kept in mind the safety of the victim. In writing a law, one must take into consideration all of the possibilities that may occur. The law benefits the victims that want to escape from their batterer, but it does not assist victims who are still in denial about their abuse. Many victims have trouble realizing that they are in a bad situation. Victims might feel that their abuse is caused by their behavior, or some might be victims of abuse for years in which they see nothing wrong with it. Before a judgment is called about a victim’s situation, there must be a full analysis of their circumstances. One must have a good insight on her life, before making judgment. There are too many risks that can take into place, if the right choice for the victim is not made. Mandatory Reporting becomes a controversial topic because there is a conflict with the purpose of the situation; some people believe that the end to domestic violence is capturing the batterer, as the opposing view would believe that the end to domestic violence is to remove the victim out of the situation in the best interest of the victim. The key to eliminating domestic violence is taking into consideration that everyone’s situation is different. There might be a need to call the police and have a batterer arrested in some situations in which the victim feels that he/she has had enough. In other cases the victim might not want to leave, in which counseling would be implemented to get him/her in the mind frame to leave their situation. Domestic violence is a sticky subject, in where it varies from place to place. Mandatory Reporting will not encompass all of the needs for victims of domestic violence; instead it will serve as an aid to a certain population. Until Mandatory Reporting is modified, the law will remain controversial in attempts to addressing domestic violence.

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buy custom Business Environment essay A price maker is a company or an individual in a market that has the power to influence the price of a certain good due to monopoly or the high quality of their product. Price makers usually do not have competitors, and if they have their products are more valued. A price taker is usually a company or an individual who does not have any influence in the market price of the goods. Most investors are usually price takers, as they have to accept the price set in the market in order to sell their products. Price takers contrasts with price makers. Roles of competitive dynamics within the context of strategic business planning Competitive dynamics is the study of how companies take actions in a market in order to gain profits or improve their products or services. These actions usually affect the industry in different ways, as companies tend to compete. One of the most pivotal roles in competitive dynamics is usually to gain profits. Companies in a monopolistic market tend to strategize to make profits just like the market leader. Profits made by the market leader usually motivate the other companies to take action, which can be termed as creative destruction. Secondly, companies will usually want to introduce a new product in a firm in order to keep the competition. When one company tends to be running he market, the others may have to introduce a new product to create competition. This new product will create curiosity among the buyers who will want to try it thus creating competition for the old product. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive environment where firms are price takers Firstly, the supply and demand of a product should be considered in a market environment, which has many price takers. Supply and demand usually determine the profit that the firm would make at the long run. An individual or a firm should not risk joining a price takers business environment that has low demand. Inflation entails the general rising of price of products in a business environment. A rise in price will always affect the purchasing power of products by the buyers. In a price takers business environment, this may be tricky and; thus, should be genuinely considered. Lastly, market policy should also be put into consideration. It is somewhat risky businesswise being a price taker. Considering this, a person should study the policies put into place before venturing into a price taker market. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive market environment where firms are price makers Firstly, the demand of the product should be considered. In aa market that has price takers, it is usually hard to convince the buyers why they should buy your product on whatever price you have set. The price makers should have the persuasive power in order to gain more customers in the market. Secondly, branding is usually an essential thing to be considered. The high competition calls for a unique branding so that you can appeal to a larger audience. In addition to branding, price makers environment needs a firm to consider high marketing of a product and create product features. Furthermore, an individual or a firm has to learn about the market needs. At some point, some market environments can be certainly resistant to change or introduction of a new product. Price makers should always consider if the buyers may need a change or not. Lastly, factoring the gross profit is essential. Gross comprises of the resulting money excluding the production cost. In a highly competitive market with price makers, one may also experience high losses due to lack of consideration of the gross margin. In conclusion, it is more advised to be your own price maker rather than the price so that you can set price anywhere on the demand curve. Various points should be considered in environments that comprise of price makers and price takers. Such include the market policy, inflation, and branding. Buy custom Business Environment essay

Methodology chapter in my dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methodology chapter in my dissertation - Essay Example Interpretivism denotes a research method that lays importance on deductive reasoning and is thus in contrast to positivism. For the deductive reasoning process, the researcher interprets data keeping in mind the context and meaning of the observed phenomenon, and hence is a qualitative process (Carson et al., 2001; Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). Pragmatism denotes an attitude that reflects efficiency and utility (Thayer, 2011). The researcher interprets the data in a manner that serves his purpose best. In this sense, it can be said that pragmatism combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects of data collection and interpretation. Investment decision in the selected chemical companies is to be based on a analysis of the data of each firm at micro-level, in the macro-context of the chemical industry. It entails both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Hence, the Researcher is choosing the pragmatism methodology for this

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of Essay

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of domestic and foreign policy, as well as the challenges they faced when they became president - Essay Example s plan, which had far reaching impacts how the national debt, excise taxes, protective tariffs on imports, and as far the management of the national purse, national bank, was to be handled (Ferling (a)11-23). Washington was a unifying factor and rallied the nation towards avoiding war, a fact that destabilized the strength of the nation regarding foreign relations. His first major challenge touched on his conduct with reference to Jay’s Treaty, signed with England-a treaty that infuriated the public leaving a trail of questions to the extent to which United States would be an influencing agent in international affairs. Nevertheless, putting into practice the Hamilton’s plan strengthened economic prospects domestically. He did quell the Whiskey Rebellion, which was sparked off by the levying of excise taxes, reminding people that federal concerns superseded local thoughts in the new republic. Generally, Washington’s tenure was a success as he steered the young nat ion through a delicate beginning (Ferling (b) 55). Reeling under the influence and successes of predecessor Washington, John Adams assumed power promising to modernize the US economy through promotion of education as well as keeping peace with foreign powers. However, his tenures ran into trouble with factions supporting US-British alliance and those sympathetic of France in a war that began in 1793 between the two neighbors. Stymied by a congress controlled much by his opposes, Adams stood his ground, devoting his best to the development of his country (Ferling (b) 87). Wearing Washington’s shoes, he knew too well the unpreparedness of his nation to fight outside wars. As such he sacrificed his popularity to settle â€Å"quasi-war† with France through his son Quincy Adams (Grant 71). His best remembered as a diplomat who contributed immensely in shaping Americas foreign policy in line with ardent nationalist policies tailored towards America’s republican values. His administration upheld and

Renal transplants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renal transplants - Research Paper Example During this time, approximately one third of potential living donors are unable to donate to their potential recipients due to ABO or antigen incompatibility. Kidney paired donation (KPD) and kidney list donation (KLD) were the alternative options for candidates with incompatible donor (McKay, 2010, 103). The first KPD transplant was performed on South Korea in 1991. The United States performed its first KPD transplant in 2000 in Rhode Island Hospital while the first KLD occurred in England in 2001 (McKay, 2010, 104). The kidney is the most commonly transplanted organ in the world with more than 160,000 persons in the United States living with a transplanted kidney by the end of 2008 (Shoskes, 2011, 154). But despite this number, persons needing kidney transplantation still increases and a relative scarcity in terms of resource arise. A complete array of information about kidney transplantation was included in the databases of U.S. Renal Database System (USRDS), Scientific Registry o f Renal Transplants Recipients (SRTR), United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), and Collaborative Transplant Study (Shoskes, 2011, 154). Procedures Before a patient undergo kidney transplantation, a series of laboratory tests and procedures are needed to perform and complete. Matching is the key tool is successful transplantation. The donor’s organ should match the recipient’s body in terms of ABO and antigen incompatibility to avoid risks of rejection. The patient with end-stage renal disease may choose from treatments such as peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or transplantation. Transplantation is done if the patient wants the treatment or if according to disease severity, requires the transplantation procedure. The surgical team involves the pre-emptive living donor (LD) transplantation to minimize pre-operation transplant list and maximize operative choices. The LD transplantation decreases the risk of acute tubular necrosis due to ischemia, increases potential fo r matching, and offers opportunity to initiate and optimize immunosuppressive therapy, thereby reducing acute rejection episodes (McKay, 2010, 17). Background regarding the quality of the donor’s organ was predetermined and positive outcome was expected. Then, the transplant team prepares the patient for the procedure. However, if the patient has superior vena cava syndrome due to an AV graft in the previous hemodialysis, a different procedure is done by the nephrologists and cardiologists. The organ transplantation is divided into five separate procedures (McKay, 2010, 18) and discussed as follows: 1) Preparation – the surgeon discuss to the patient the surgical procedure. General anesthesia is introduced after and intraoperative measures are implemented. 2) Exposure – after prepping and draping, incision is made in the right or left lower quadrant. 3) Vascular Anastomoses – venous anastomoses first and arterial anastomoses must be last to avoid complica tions of bleeding and thrombosis. The kidney is chilled and topical iced is used liberally. Clamp is placed in the renal vein. 4) Ureteral anastomoses – is the preferred method to establish urologic continuity 5) Closing – wound/skin closure and measures to prevent complications. After completion of all the procedures in kidney transplantation, the patient is placed in the recovery area and post-operative interventions are applied. Health providers monitor for rejection signs post-operative

Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research

Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research Aashiyana Vadsariya Introduction    Evaluation is a process of reviewing of any programme, project or policy, its design and results. The main objective of doing evaluation is to measure the effectiveness of the programme or policy, its impact and sustainability. Evaluation helps to solve the problem as well as to build the knowledge and it enhances the decision making process and thus evaluation is an important part of quality improvement (The Health Foundation, 2015). There are different types of evaluation such as formative evaluation, outcome evaluation, process evaluation, impact evaluation and economic evaluation which can be conducted to ensure programme activities. Moreover, vigorous evaluation provides not only about intervention that is worked but it also describes why and how that allows an individual to discover new interventions in healthcare settings. Additionally, it involves ethical approval, collection and analysis of data (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Background of the study According to Ministry of Health (2015), Breast cancer is the third most common cancer in New Zealand. It causes more than 600 deaths every year. Breast cancer is most common over the age of 50 and risk of developing breast cancer increases as age increases. Approximate 80% of women are over 50 years of age who died because of breast cancer. There are 8 cases diagnosed with breast cancer every day, out of them 1 will be Maori and pacific women who are at higher risk of dying from breast cancer. Maori women are more likely to develop breast cancer about 33% than non-Maori women (The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation, 2013). National Breast Cancer Foundation describes certain risk factors which increases the chance of developing cancer such as age, gender, positive family history, personal health history and genetic factors. Ministry of Health have started the programme called Breast Cancer Screen Aotearoa to fight against breast cancer by providing free breast screening to the women aged 45-69 years of age. The main objective of this programme is to reduce number of deaths from breast cancer by providing them regular screening (National Screening Unit, 2014). This paper will critically evaluate five (5) research papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance, methodology and quality and will analyse the four (4) audit and evaluation processes and approaches such as outcome, process, impact, economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. This study evaluated the breast cancer early detection programme in Basque country in relation to cost effectiveness and budget impact from 1996 to 2011. The researcher has used population level and single cohort analysis methodology. Annual costs were taken into consideration for budget impact analysis. The results of this study showed that total cost of breast cancer screening program was 1,127 million euros and 6.7 million QALYs over the lifetime of the target population, bringing about a pickup of 8,666 QALYs for an extra cost of 36.4 million euros (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). The researcher has finally summed up that the breast screening programme ran in Basque country was cost effective and as per determined budget impact. This study contributes to measure cost effectiveness of this breast cancer screening programme and evaluate its budget in order to decide the future of this programme. A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness about risk factors leads to breast cancer in Indian women and healthcare professionals through literature review. The researcher used bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health. The findings of the research suggested that total 7066 number of women between ages of 15-70 years reflected different level of awareness on risk factors such as family history (13-58%), obesity (11-50%) and reproductive history around 1-88% (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). Low cancer literacy on risk factors of breast cancer among Indian women and healthcare professional noted during research process irrespective of their socio-economic status and education was (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). This study contributes to aware the nation about programmes and to improve the cancer literacy rate in India by engaging various stakeholders of society and health system. National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. The researcher evaluated participation rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer screening programme in Singapore during this study. This study involved the use of retrospective evaluation approach by using the BSS system and the Singapore Cancer Registry data on women aged 40-69 screened in period of 2002-2009. The results showed that participation rate was more than 10% since 2005 and performance indicators (such as screen detection rates, small tumour detection rates, recall rates, accuracy and interval cancer rates were improved from 2002-2006 to 2007-2009 (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). This study indicated that there is room for improvement in participation rate in breast cancer screening in Singapore by providing screening packages, reducing screening cost and targeting underserved populations. This study contributes to improve the participation rate of breast cancer screening programme for the effectiveness of the BreastScreen Singapore by providing training opportunities to the healthcare professionals. Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. This study was conducted to determine the impact of differences in rates of mammographic screening on inequities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and Pakeha women. The researcher used Waikato Breast Cancer Register and the National Screening Database to compare the data for diagnosis and survival between screen detected and non screen detected breast cancer by socio-economic status and ethnicity. The results indicated that there were lower rate of screen detected cancer in Maori women and also they had lower 10 year breast cancer survival rate as compared to Pakeha women (46.5% vs. 73.2%) (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015). The study determined that lower rate of screening detected breast cancer was the important reason for lower rate of survival for Maori women in comparison to European women. This study contributes to assess the screening rates, to improve the survival for Maori women and to reduce inequity for the breast cancer survival among Maori and New Zealand European women. An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme This research was carried out to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. This study estimated the effects of the national breast screening programme in regards to breast cancer incidence, mortality and over-diagnosis of breast cancer. The researcher has used quantitative methodology and retrospective case control study to describe the policy on mammographic screening. The findings suggested that there is decrease in incidence by screening, excess risk of disease in screened ages from 47-54 years and potential deficit in risk seen between the ages of 65-69 years up to 15 years of screening (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013). This research concluded that case control evaluation strategy relates the clinical endpoints to the screening history. This study contributes to measure the effectiveness of the national breast screening programme in England, benefits on mortality from and on incidence of invasive primary breast cancer and harms from over-diagnosis. Audit and Evaluation processes Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. Economic evaluation is one of the most important forms of evaluation which measures the expenditure and their consequences and also describes about allocation of the resources (Cunningham, 2000). In this research, the researcher has used economic evaluation to measure cost effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country from 1996 to 2011. This study was mainly based on budget impact analysis and retrospective cost effectiveness evaluation to determine what resources are being used in programme and their costs as compare to outcomes (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). Economic evaluation in this research took a step back and looked objectively in context to appropriate role and use of cost effective analysis in order to determine the outcome of the breast cancer screening programme. This research revealed that the breast screening programme was found to be cost effective within determined budget impact (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? Outcome evaluation identifies the effects of the programme in target populations by reviewing effectiveness of programme (Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).The researcher used outcome evaluation to determine awareness levels of risk factors for breast cancer among women and healthcare professional in India. This outcome evaluation was undertaken through a structured literature review by using bibliographic databases journals (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). The main purpose of this outcome evaluation in this study was to assess the cancer literacy among women in India because of the rising incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that there was a low literacy rate among Indian women regarding risk factors that causes breast cancer through this evaluation study (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. Process evaluation was conducted to assess how this breast screening programme is being implemented whereas outcome evaluation was conducted to measure the outcome and effectiveness of this programme (NYS Health Foundation, 2016). The researcher used outcome and process evaluation to evaluate the participation rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer Screening programme in Singapore. Data was collected on women aged 40-69 screened during period of 2002-2009 from the BreastScreen Singapore and Singapore Cancer Registry (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). Process and outcome evaluation was helpful to determine the rate of participation and performance indicators, to measure the quality of the programme delivered and to assess the effectiveness of the breast screen Singapore programme. This evaluation allows researcher to examine the performance of this Breast Screen Singapore programme and to recommend further changes if required. Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. Impact evaluation measures whether the programme is effective in achieving its goal or not. Generally, it identifies long term effects and changes in outcome based on cause and effect analysis (Collins, 2017). The researcher utilised impact evaluation to determine the impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socio economic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and European women. The researcher collected data by using National Screening Database and Waikato Breast cancer Register (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015). Impact evaluation was carried out to measure the impact of screening programme on ethnic and socio economic inequities for breast cancer survival rate which can be useful for government to take necessary actions and to form policies in healthcare settings to reduce inequalities in health. An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme Process evaluation determines the effectiveness of the programme and how well the programme is working (Community Interventions for Health, 2017). The researcher used process and impact evaluation to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. Impact evaluation was helpful to identify the impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Data was gathered by traditional retrospective case control study of deaths and incidences cases of breast cancer in England within 2 years of period during this ongoing evaluation (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013). The main purpose of impact evaluation is to see that breast cancer screening programme is working effectively and is doing well than harm. Process evaluation can help to ensure that the breast screening programme continues to deliver the predicted health benefits and potentially improve the programme by assessing the good and bad practices. Evaluative Model The (CIPP) model The CIPP evaluation model is developed by Stufflebeam in 1983 which provides comprehensive framework for the evaluation of the programmes. The CIPP model consists of four components which are context, Input, Process and product evaluation. The CIPP model mainly focuses on improvement of the programme rather than justifying about the programme. The main purpose of this CIPP model is to offer critical and rational basis for the programme decision making by applying different aspects of this evaluation model according to the needs of decision makers and programme activities based on the planning and implementation for the continuous improvement of the programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003). The context, input and process evaluation approach are based on formative evaluation whereas product approach is useful for summative evaluation study. The four elements of the evaluation model must be taken into consideration otherwise it could reduce the effectiveness of the project. The context evaluation study can be conducted when a new programme is being planned which helps to identify the program goals and objectives by assessing needs whereas the input evaluation study can be conducted during resource allocation to assess the feasibility or the cost effectiveness of the alternate approaches. It provides systematic approach to programme design and helps the evaluators and experts to develop the programme which is most likely to work better (Frye Hemmer, 2012). Source: Adapted from Stufflebeams CIPP Evaluation Model (1983). Retrieved from http://arcmit01.uncw.edu/jonesi/Evaluation.html The process evaluation helps the evaluators and stakeholders to assess the implementation of the programme and to interpret the outcomes of the programme through document review, observation and participant interview. On the other hand, the product evaluation is similar to outcome evaluation which focuses on assessing the outcomes of the programme including positive or negative, short term or long term outcomes. In general, the CIPP model provides information about improvement of the programme, interpretation of the programme outcomes and information for accountability. However, careful planning is needed while applying this model. This model is useful for retrospective evaluation of a completed programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003). This evaluation model can contribute to measure the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme run by Ministry of Health in New Zealand. The four elements of the model can be used to improve the programme by identifying the non-compliance of women for the breast screening programme. Auditing and evaluating the breast cancer screening programme helps to know the barriers and promote the awareness regarding breast cancer to provide beast quality care services to the New Zealanders. Furthermore, staying healthier is one of priorities of the Ministry of health. It can be achieved through evaluating the programme and implementing a change accordingly if needed. Conclusion Evaluation research is an essential tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme or to know how well the programme is working. Evaluation research helps managers and stakeholders of the organisation to improve the performance of the organisation and to provide the quality care health services. Staff and clients can be encouraged to provide useful feedback about the programme which helps in decision making and policy formation about the programme and thus improving the services provided by organisation. References Arrospide, A., Rue, M., Van Ravesteyn, N. T., Comas, M., Soto-Gordoa, M., Sarriugarte, G., Mar, J. (2016). Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country: retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12885-016- 2386-y Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdf Collins, K.B. (2017). What is Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from http://programs.online.american.edu/online-graduate-certificates/project- monitoring/resource/what-is-impact-evaluation Community Interventions for Health. (2017). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http://www.oxha.org/cih_manual/index.php/process-evaluation Cunningham, S.J. (2000). Economics: Economic evaluation of healthcare is it important to us? Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v188/n5/full/4800444a.html Frye, A. W., Hemmer, P. A. (2012). Program evaluation models and related theories: AMEE Guide No. 67. Medical Teacher, 34(5), e288-e299. doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.66863 Gupta, A., Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. (2015). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India: Cancer literate or awareness deficit? European Journal of Cancer, 51(14), 2058-2066. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.008 Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). International handbook of educational evaluation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0309-4_4 Loy, E. Y., Molinar, D., Chow, K. Y., Fock, C. (2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore: Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. Journal of Medical Screening, 22(4), 194-200. doi:10.1177/0969141315589644 Massat, N. J., Sasieni, P. D., Parmar, D., Duffy, S. W. (2013). An ongoing case- control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme. BMC Cancer, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-596 Ministry of Health. (2015). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases- and-illnesses/breast-cancer National Screening Unit. (2014). BreastScreen Aotearoa. Retrieved from https://www.nsu.govt.nz/breastscreen-aotearoa/about-breast-screening- programme NYS Health Foundation. (2016). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http://nyshealthfoundation.org/our-grantees/grantee-resources/process- evaluation Seneviratne, S., Campbell, I., Scott, N., Shirley, R., Lawrenson, R. (2015). Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand: a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1383-4 The Health Foundation. (2015). Evaluation: what to consider. Retrieved from http://www.health.org.uk/sites/health/files/EvaluationWhatToConsider.pdf The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. (2013). New Zealand Breast Cancer Facts. Retrieved from http://nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Overview/BreastCancerinNZ/Fastfacts.a spx

Unions Essay -- essays research papers fc

Michael Paul 099 66 3949 History 316z Trade unionism, industrial unionism, and socialism were the main forms of organized labor in the late nineteenth century early twentieth century, yet rarely did these shifting currents flow in complementary ways that might appeal to the vast majority of struggling workers. The three most important formal organizations were the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Socialist Party of America. All three of these organizations had there own strengths but the many weaknesses and divisions combined with outside influences caused the retardation of their radical, left wing ideas. The American Federation of Labor was founded with the intention of building the class conscioussness and economic power of workers by organizing them on occupational lines. It pursued policies to win short term, concrete, economic gains (Cashman,206.) The AFL was first established as the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor U nions of the United States and Canada from several independent national trade unions in 1881 and it took its definitive form and new name in 1886.The AFL was decentralized and organized as a loose coalition of almost autonomous national unions (Cashman,205.) The advantage to this was that decisions were made in each union where the leaders understood the situation. However, the AFL retreated from its Marxian origins to become a profoundly conservative organization restricted to the ranks of skilled, white males. This restrictive policy was a major flaw of the AFL and kept them from gaining the numbers and strength that it may have attained. These policies came directly from the ideas of the AFL’s longtime leader Samuel Gompers. Gompers believed that labor should accept the existing capitalist economy but try and get a larger share for labor by way of higher wages, shorter hours and better conditions of work. He believed that the idealistic goal of a fundamental economic refor m was an illusion (Cashman,221.) His conservative approach included negotiation and conciliation in labor disputes and in resort to strikes only after other methods had failed. He opposed alliances with political parties and the formation of a labor political party. His prime concern was the status of the skilled worker, which under his leadership attained greater stability than ever before. In concentratin... ...s. By contrast the IWW led by Bill Haywood was the most radical and controversial of all American labor movements. Haywood’s unconventional methods and uncompromising stands frequently put him at odds with allies and opponents alike. And the Socialist Party of America led by Eugene Debs had potential to improve the lives of workers everywhere but do to internal conflicts was unable to truly make a difference. Had these three organizations been able to play off one another they may have been able to realize their ultimate goals. The AFL containing the skilled workers was the most powerful, the IWW took what the AFL did not want giving the unskilled worker a voice and the Socialist Party went in to politics, using political offices to gain power for the working class. Ultimately because of the different outlooks of these three groups the American labor movement, though it gained some ground, was a loss. Bibliography Works cited Cashman, Sean. America in the age of titans. New York university press, NY ,1988 Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers university of illinois press, illinois 1997 Leuchtenberg, William. The Perils of Prosperity. The university of chicago press, london, 1958

Paper on Summation

Sowmya SUMMATION A Detailed review of Summation SUMMATION Introduction The CT Summation Blaze LG product family helps you efficiently manage case information such as transcripts and documents with the benefits of full-text imaging, PDF support, electronic evidence support and comprehensive production tools. Summation to load and check DII File DII File: A DII file is a specially formatted ASCII text file that can be created within any text editor. The DII file uses a non-delimited, multiple line format. Each record ends with the image filenames themselves. The data from the file is loaded into Summation’s Core Database and establishes the link between the database summaries and the associated images and OCR documents. DII FILE COMPONENTS @T (Image Tag) Required for each DII record. Must be used before any @C tokens for each DII record. Each instance of a line beginning with the @T token causes Summation to create a new database record or overwrite an existing one. If the value that follows the @T line does not match an existing record number in the active table (usually either the STDTABLE or the ETABLE) then a new record with that number is created. If a record with that number already exists, Summation prompts the user to either replace that record’s existing image information or leave its image information intact. The field normally used to determine a record’s unique number is either the BEGDOC# field (for the STDTABLE) or the DOCID field (for the ETABLE). This field can be changed via OPTIONS>DEFAULTS>IMAGING>COLUMN TO HOLD IMAGE TAG but it is not recommended. If there is an input template on the database’s record number field, then the @T value must conform to the template format. Example: The case database has an input template restricting the BEGDOC# field to the format â€Å"AA000000† (i. e. alpha, alpha, numeric, numeric, numeric, numeric, numeric, numeric). A DII file with the following @T values is loaded: @T RT100556 @T 998113 The first line matches the template format and a new database record with a BEGDOC# value of â€Å"RT100556† would be created. The second line is incorrect, s o no database record for this line would be created and an error message would appear on-screen and also be written to the error log. D (Default Directory) Required for each DII record that has images or OCR to be loaded. The @D token designates the location where the image file(s) for a database record is stored. The data specified after the @D is loaded into the Default Directory (DEFDIR) field of the ImgInfo table. There are 3 different ways to denote the DEFDIR. 1. @I, which refers to the default IMAGES subfolder under the case directory. For example, for a mobile installation, if the case were SMITH V. JONES, â€Å"@I† would equal â€Å"C:PROGRAM FILESSUMMATIONCASEDATASMITH V. JONESIMAGES. † 2. The full path to the image file(s) location. A UNC, local, or mapped drive letter path is acceptable. For example: @D SERVER1IMAGESSMITH V. JONESVOLUME1DISK1 @D C:IMAGESSMITH V. JONESVOLUME1DISK1 @D Z:IMAGESSMITH V. JONESVOLUME1DISK1 3. @V, which refers to the specific volume label of removable media. NOTE: Users of Summation LG/iBlaze can use UNC paths after the @D to specify a folder containing images. @L (Long Name Entry) Summation 5. 21 Legacy Field. @L denotes the long name or description of the image file(s). The @L value is loaded into the LONGNAME field of the ImgInfo Table. This tag is obsolete and unnecessary on modern versions of Summation (1. 0 and higher) as they support long image file names. @C (Column to Link) 3 Optional token. @C is used to load data into specified fields in the user’s document database. This is a useful way to decrease the amount of data entry required for the database users. It is meant for use when the same value is repeated for a group of documents, such as documents that all have the same box number or author. It is not meant to replace regular data entry. For this reason, there is a limit of six (6) @C codes available for each DII record. The syntax for using the @C token is: @C For example, to fill in the ISSUES field of the database with the value â€Å"Mental Health,† the line would read: @C ISSUES Mental Health The @C line(s) should appear underneath the @T line for each database record. For consecutive DII records where these values are the same, you do not need to repeat the @C line. Instead, insert the next @C line in the next DII record where the data changes. To stop entering data in a field, insert a @C line with the field name following by nothing. @I (Image Location as in Case Customize) Used with the @D token. The @I value refers to the image location specified in Case Customize. The @I value is loaded into the DEFDIR field of the ImgInfo table. This location must be a drive letter (or UNC path for LG/iBlaze users) and path that points to the directory where the images are stored. Summation users can select any valid location or use Summation’s default location, the IMAGES subdirectory under the case directory. In either case, the image files must be copied to this location. @V (Volume Label of Removable Media and Any Subdirectories) Used with the @D code. The @V value refers to the volume label of the removable media holding image files. When using a volume label, the program will search a range of drive letters for the specific removable media volume. The range of drive letters to be searched can be specified in OPTIONS>DEFAULTS>IMAGING>DRIVES HOLDING IMAGES. The volume label can be obtained from any drive by using the DIR command at the command prompt or by looking at the drive properties in Windows Explorer/My Computer. When using the command prompt, the volume label will appear at the top of the directory display listing. Since most document images are now stored on either local or network hard drives Summation has provided an option to convert volume labels to directory names for existing database records with @V image paths. By selecting the option box labeled â€Å"Map Volume to Directory† under OPTIONS>DEFAULTS>IMAGING the volume name is converted to a directory name. A drive letter or letters matching the location wher e the images are stored must be added in the OPTIONS>DEFAULTS>IMAGING>DRIVES HOLDING IMAGES section. For example: DEFDIR in ImgInfo Table: @VCD_00001:01 Drives Holding Images: DE Program looks in: D: or E: drive for media with a volume label of â€Å"CD_00001. † If it finds matching media, it looks for a directory there named â€Å"001† for whichever image file or files were specified. @Fulltext (Lets the Database Know There is an OCR Document Attached to the Record or Records) Tells Summation that there are OCR documents attached to the record. The filenames must match the names of the images (not including the extension), and they must be located in the same place. Variations: @FULLTEXT DOC – One OCR text file exists for each database record. FULLTEXT PAGE – One fulltext file exists for each page of the document summary. @FULLTEXT [PAGE or DOC] is placed before the @T line. Similar to the @C token, this statement remains in effect until turned off by using the opposite designation. In other words, if you are using the â€Å"PAGE† method, turn it off by using @FULLTEXT in the record that does not contain a fulltext file. @O (Where OCR Documents Are if They Are Not in the Image Location) Used when the OCR documents are located someplace other than the image location as specified by the @D line of the DII file. It is placed immediately below the @D line. This token can ONLY be used in conjunction with the â€Å"@FULLTEXT DOC† tag. The full path to the OCR text document must be included. Example: 5 @FULLTEXT DOC @T AB100001 @D @I @O J:docsscanned 100001. TIF This tells Summation that the fulltext document for record AB100001 is not in the default Images directory (@I) but, instead can be found in J:docsscanned. The file name must still match the image file name. In this case the image file name is 100001. TIF, therefore the OCR text file name should be named 100001. TXT. ; (Comment Lines) Optional code for each DII record. You can make comments in the DII file for your reference. These lines do not affect the DII load. Example: ; After this Semi-colon I can make notes for my current record Image Files Required for each DII record. The last line(s) of each DII record is always the image filename(s). Backslashes in front of the filenames will direct Summation to look for the files at the root of the specified drive however, these can usually be omitted. Iterators Iterators are important optional coding methods. Iterators provide a way to use shorthand for image file names. This allows for less text per DII record, thereby producing a DII file that loads more quickly. If your image files use a number sequence, you can use iterators to indicate a range of numbers, rather than listing each image file separately. Ranges are only valid when the lower number and the higher number are the same number of digits. Files Listed Separately Example: IM00001. TIF IM00002. TIF IM00003. TIF IM00004. TIF IM00005. TIF Files Iterated Example: 6 IM000{1-5}. TIF If iterating records with attached full text (OCR) documents in PAGE format, be careful not to exceed powers of 10 in the iteration. Example: IM0000{01-09}. TIF IM0000{10-99}. TIF IM000{100-999}. TIF The example above will properly load all 999 images and their corresponding OCR full-text documents. This rule applies to the @FULLTEXT PAGE format only. Tokens Used in Summation’s DII File Token @APPLICATION Field Populated APPLICAT @ATTACH ATTCHIDS (Field selected for related attachment Doc IDs in Link Fields defaults) @ATTACHRANGE ATTRANGE Description The application used to view the electronic document. For example: @APPLICATION Word IDs of attached documents. Appending the value allows the DII to populate multiple values in the ATTCHIDS field. For example: @ATTACH EML0001; EML0002 The document number range of all attachments if more than one attachment exists. Each attachment, along with the e-mail message, will be loaded into Summation as its own record. The attachment 7 @ATTMSG @BATESBEG @BATESEND @BCC @C range would be populated with the document number of the first attachment and the last number of the last attachment. For example: @ATTACHRANGE WGH000008 – WGH0000010 N/A Relative or full path and file name of the e-mail attachment that is an email message itself. The file will be copied to the MSF folder. The Media field will be populated with the term eMail and the FOLDERID field is coded with the session name assigned during the load of DII. BATESRNG Beginning Bates number, used with @BATESEND. For example: @BATESBEG SGD00001 BATESRNG Ending Bates number, used with @BATESBEG. For example: @BATESEND SGD00055 BCC Anyone sent a blind copy on an e-mail message. For example: @BCC Nick Thomas Optional code used to load data into specified fields in the user’s document database. This helps decrease the amount of data entry required for the database users. It is meant for use when the same value is repeated for a group of documents, such as documents that all have the same box number or author. The syntax of using the @C token is: @C For example, to fill in the ISSUES field of the database with the value Mental Health, the line would read: 8 @C ISSUES Mental Health For consecutive DII records where these values are the same, you do not need to repeat the @C line. Instead, insert the next @C line in the next DII record where the data changes. To stop entering data in a field, insert an @C line with the field name following by nothing. @CC CC @D DEFDIR @DATECREATED DATECRTD @DATERCVD DATERCVD @DATESENT @DATESAVED DATESENT DATESVD Anyone copied on an email message. For example: @CC John Ace Required token for each DII record that has an image associated with it and designates the directory location of the image file(s). The data specified after the @D goes into the Default Directory (DEFDIR) field of the ImgInfo table. There are three dif ferent ways to denote the DEFDIR: 1. @I (to refer to the Case Customize Image Location) 2. The hard coded drive letter and path into the DEFDIR field 3. V (to refer to the specified volume label of the CD-ROM) For example: @D @V CD-101:Box_34 Note: Users of Summation iBlaze/LG can use UNC paths after the @D to specify a folder containing images. The date that the file was created, if applicable. For example: @DATECREATED 01/04/2003 Date that the file was received. For example: @DATERCVD 01/04/2003 Date that the file was sent. For example: @DATESENT 01/04/2003 When the file was saved, if applicable. For example: 10 @DOCID DOCID @EATTACH DOCLINK (Field selected for Linked Documents in Link Fields defaults. ) @EDOC DOCLINK DATESAVED 01/04/2003 Document ID of a full-text document, e-mail message, or electronic document. If the DII includes full-text files, then the DOCID value (instead of the @T value) is used to load and associate ocrBase documents with the appropriate summary. For exa mple: @DOCID EML00017 Relative or full path and file name of the attachment. The file will be copied to the eMail directory and the relative path of the file will be placed in the DOCLINK field. The MEDIA field will be populated with the term Attachment. For example: @EATTACHServerFiles Flood Damages. ls Relative or full path and file name of the electronic document. The file will be copied into the eFiles directory and the relative path of the file will be placed in the DOCLINK field. The MEDIA field will be populated with the term eDoc. For example: @EDOC D:eDocWordDoc. doc 11 @EDOCIDSEP DOCID @EMAIL-BODY BODY @FOLDERNAME FOLDER This token is intended for service bureaus that use their own tracking numbers (for example, TRACK001_Doc001. txt). This token allows Summation to remove the tracking ID (TRACK001) from the file so that it can be replaced with a Summation naming convention. The token uses a onecharacter string a value to indicate the demarcation in the file name. In the example above, the underscore character separates the tracking number from the file name, so the token should be followed by the underscore character. Use this character at the top of the DII file above the individual records. For example: @EDOCIDSEP _ Body of an e-mail message. Must be a string of text contained between @EMAIL-BODY and @EMAIL-END. The @EMAIL-END token must be on its own line. For example: @EMAIL-BODY @EMAIL-END The name of the folder that the e-mail message came from. For example: @FOLDERNAME Conner-Stevens – MailboxCStevensInbox 12 @FROM @FULLTEXT FROM From field in an e-mail message. For example: @FROM Kelly Morris Indicates that there are OCR documents attached to the record. The file names must match the names of the images (not including the extension), and they must be located in the same place. Variations: @FULLTEXT DOC – One full-text file exists for each database record. @FULLTEXT PAGE – One full-text file exists for each page of the document summary. These tokens should be placed before any @T tokens. Similar to the @C token, this statement remains in effect until turned off by using the opposite designation. In other words, if you are using the PAGE method, turn it off by using @FULLTEXT in the record that does not contain a full-text file. The @FULLTEXTDIR token is a partner to the @FULLTEXT token. This token provides more flexibility to both the service bureau and the client when loading a DII file that includes full-text files. The @FULLTEXTDIR token allows the service bureau to specify a directory from which the full-text files will be copied during the load. Therefore, the full-text files do not have to be located in the same directory as the images at the time of load. The @FULLTEXTDIR token gives users the flexibility to load the DII file and full-text without requiring them to copy the fulltext to the network first. An example of the syntax used with the @FULLTEXTDIR token is: @FULLTEXTDIR Vol001Box001ocrFiles The above example shows a relative path, which indicates to Summation that 13 @FULLTEXTDIR @HEADER HEADER @I DEFDIR @INTMSGID INTMSGID it should search for the full-text files in the same location as the DII file that is being loaded and follow any subdirectories in the @FULLTEXTDIR argument. The relative path works whether the DII file is on a network drive or on a CD as a sibling of the Vol001 folder. Just as @FULLTEXT PAGE and @FULLTEXT DOC apply to all subsequent records in the DII file until they are turned off (by adding the token after the last record that includes fulltext), the @FULLTEXTDIR argument applies to all subsequent records in the DII file until it is changed or turned off (by including the token with a blank argument). E-mail header content. The @HEADER-END token must be on its own line. For example: @HEADER @HEADER-END This token is used with the @D token. The @I token refers to the image location specified in Case Customize. This location must be a drive letter (or UNC path for iBlaze/LG users) and path that points to the directory where the images are stored. Summation users can select any valid location or use Summation’s default location, the IMAGES subdirectory under the Case Directory. In either case, the image files must be copied to this location. Internet message ID. For example: 14 @L LONGNAME @INTMSGID This token is optional code and denotes the long name or description of the image file(s). The data after @L goes into the LONGNAME field of the ImgInfo table. Note: This applies to Summation Blaze Version 5. 21 and earlier, and is used in the IMGINGO table. For example: @L Patient History Form @MEDIA MEDIA @MSGID MSGID Populates the Media field with the designated value (for example, eDoc, eMail or Attachment). If the value indicated in the token differs from the Summation default, or an entry exists in the field, then the most recent process wins and an entry is made in the error log. Because of this, use this token with care an only if you have a compelling reason. For example: @MEDIA eDoc E-mail message ID generated by Microsoft Outlook or Lotus Notes. For example: @MSGID 00000000E8324B3A0A80 0F4E954B8AB427196A13 04012000 15 @MULTILINE Any field specified @NOPAGECOUNT DOCID Allows carriage returns and multiple lines of text to populate the specified field. Text must be between @MULTILINE and @MULTILINE-END. The @MULTILINE-END token must be on its own line. For example: @MULTILINE NOTEFIELD Here is the first line. Here is the second line. Here is the last line. @MULTILINE-END For consecutive DII records where these values are the same, you do not need to repeat the @MULTILINE line. Instead, insert the next @MULTILINE line in the next DII record where the data changes. To stop entering data in a field, insert an @MULTILINE line with the field name following by nothing Turns off automatically using a number after a space in the Document ID as the number of pages. Allows Document IDs to contain spaces. Must be entered at the beginning of the DII file and applies to all records for the entire DII file. @NOPAGECOUNT @FULLTEXT page @TGHSPLT 3602 Q00555 @D @I Box011Dir01GHSPLT 3602 Q00555. tif 16 @OCR @OCR-END @O Some service bureaus and clients prefer a different approach to loading full-text than the traditional Summation method of requiring the full-text to be loaded from separate ASCII text files. Some clients prefer including the full-text in the DII file itself. The @OCR and @OCREND tokens give service bureaus the flexibility to include the full-text (including carriage returns) in the DII file. This method of loading full-text significantly improves the speed of the DII load, by eliminating the need for the system to search for and locate each text file and open it to copy the text into the ocrBase. The @OCR-END token must appear on a separate line. Note: When using the @OCR and @OCR-END tokens and including the full-text in the DII file, service bureaus cannot apply page breaks at specific locations in the full-text document. An example of the syntax used with the @OCR and @OCR-END tokens is: @OCR @OCR-END There are two uses for the @O token. This token is used when the full-text documents are located someplace other than the image location as specified by the @D line of the DII file. It tells Summation that there are full-text documents at this location. It is placed immediately below the @D line. There can be only one text file for the record, and it must have the name of the 1st TIFF image with a . TXT extension. The full or relative path to the full-text document must be included. For example: @O J:docsscanned 17 @PARENTID PARENTID (Field selected for Parent ID in Link Fields defaults. ) Parent document ID of an attachment. For example: @PARENTID WGH000003 @PSTCOMMENT @PSTCOMMENT-END Users may want to record information about a . PST file that is loaded into a Summation case. For example, a user may want to identify where a specific . PST file came from and what it relates to (for example, client e-mail messages related to flat space and received on April 26, 2004). The comments are associated with the . PST file designated by the @PSTFILE token that follows. The comments can be viewed from the e-mail and attachment records generated from the . PST file designated in the @PSTFILE token. The @PSTCOMMENT token is used in conjunction with @PSTFILE. It should be followed by the @PSTCOMMENT-END token and must appear before the @PSTFILE token it applies to. The @PSTCOMMENT-END token must appear on its own line. For example: @PSTCOMMENT @PSTCOMMENT-END @PSTFILE EMAIL001Pfranc. pst, Pfranc_04April_2004 Note: The comments will not be written to the Core Database record in Summation, but users can review the comments by right-clicking an e-mail record and selecting the Show PST Info option. 18 @PSTFILE The @PSTFILE token is used to process the . PST file by designating: 1) the location of the . PST file at the time of load, and 2) the unique ID of the . PST file. The path to the . PST file can either be hard-coded or relative to the location of the DII file at the time of load. The unique ID should be the same value assigned by the user to the . PST file when processing using Summation’s eDiscovery Console. If either necessary value is missing, the DII load will record an error and the . PST file that corresponds to the record with the missing information will not be processed. An example of the use of @PSTFILE: @PSTFILE EMAIL001PFranc. st, PFranc_04April_2004 Summation gathers this information but does not process the . PST file until the DII load is complete. The PSTID (the second value) is populated into the PSTID field as designated on the eMail tab in the Defaults dialog box (accessed from the Options menu) in Summation. The PSTID argument assigned by the @PSTFILE token is assigned to the record it appears in and will apply to all subsequent e-mail records. The argument is applied until either the @PSTFILE token is turned off by setting it to a blank argument (such as: @PSTFILE), or the argument changes. The @PSTFILE token can occur multiple times in a single DII file and assign a different argument each time. This allows the service bureau to process multiple . PST files and present the data for all . PST files in a single DII file. For example, a service bureau can process five . PST files and include five instances of @PSTFILE tokens with five different arguments, all in the same DII file. 19 @READ READ @RELATED OTHERIDS (Field selected for Related Document IDs in Link Fields defaults. ) STOREID Notes whether the e-mail message was read. For example: @READ Y The document IDs of related documents. @RELATED WGH000006 @STOREID @SUBJECT SUBJECT The . PST identifier. Should not be used if @PSTFILE is used. For example: @STOREID The subject of an e-mail message. For example: @SUBJECT Town Issues 20 @T IMGTAG This token is required for each DII record and designates the ImageTag. It must be the first item listed for each database record. This data specified after the @T goes into both the Image Tag (IMGTAG) field in the ImgInfo table and the Column to Hold ImageTag in the Document Database. The image tags must be unique values. For this reason, many users choose the document number as the image tag. The image tags establish the link between the document database table and the ImgInfo table. When a user is in a document database record that has a corresponding image file and they want to view the image, Summation looks at the value in the Column to Hold Image Tag field in the database and reads the image file location from the ImgInfo table record with the matching value in the Image Tag field. For example: @T CR00293 1 Note: If there is a template on the Column to Hold Image Tag field of the user’s document database, then the Image Tag must conform to the template format. For example, if the template 21 forces the field to contain a certain number of digits, any image tag values that are comprised of fewer digits must be appropriately zero filled. @TIMERCVD TIMERCVD @TIMESENT TIMESENT @TO @TRANS TO DEPOIDS (Field selected for Transcript Zoom in Link Fields defaults. Time that the e-mail message was received. For example: @TIMERCVD 11:00 a. m. Time that the e-mail message was sent. For example: @TIMESENT 10:59 a. m. To field in an e-mail message. For example: @TO Conner Stevens The transcript description. The value populates the Transcript Zoom field. For example: @TRANS conner stevens v1. txt 22 @V This token is used with the @D token and refers to the volume label of the image location. By using a volume label instead of a drive letter, the user does not have to use the same drive letter designation for their media as had been used by the service bureau. The @V token is used most often with the images that are being burnt onto CD ROMs. Substitute the volume label for the drive letter in the @D line, still including the path leading up to and including the directory in which the images are located. The Summation user must set up the Drives Holding Images in the case Imaging Defaults so that Summation knows on which drive(s) to look for the specified volume(s). The volume label can be obtained from any drive by using the DIR command at the command prompt or by looking at the drive properties in Microsoft Windows Explorer/My Computer. When using the command prompt, the volume label will appear at the top of the directory display listing. Use the Map Volume to Directory option in imaging defaults if your images are on CD-ROM, you have used the @V (volume label) code in your DII file, and the volume label of the CD(s) is also the first subdirectory. Enabling this option tells Summation to map the volume label indicated after the @V in the DEFDIR line of the ImgInfo table to the drive letter(s) set in your Drives Holding Images: @Vol:=>A:vol. Example: DEFDIR in ImgInfo Table: @VCD_00001: Drives Holding Images: D Maps to: D:CD_00001 This option is commonly used when the CDs are stored on a Meridian tower, or 3 when the volumes have been copied to a fixed drive from a CD ROM and t BENEFITS OF USING A DII FILE TO LOAD IMAGE SUMMARY INFORMATION The DII file is a formatted ASCII text file that is used to load large batches of images. The DII file is loaded in Summation from Imaging Defaults, using the Read DII utility. DII data is added to Summations Image Information (ImgInfo) Table and serves as the link between your docum ent database data and the images and/or ocrBase documents. The Image Tag is the unique identifier for each image and/or ocrBase document. When you load the DII file, Summation will alert you if any of the Image Tags (document IDs) already exist in the ImgInfo Table and give you the option to overwrite the existing record(s). When used correctly, a DII file can significantly reduce data entry time. 24 Batch Loading of Image Summary Information The major advantage of using a DII file is the ability to load summary information for thousands of images at a time. The summary information is encoded within the DII file and the summary records for each designated image are automatically updated as the file loads. In this way, thousands of summary records can be updated, giving users easy access to thousands of associated images. Reduced Coding Coding and typing can be reduced by using the @C (Column to Link) designator. @C is meant for use with documents that are categorized into groups and therefore contain repetitive data (not to replace data entry! ). It is meant for use by imaging service bureaus that are supplying you with a DII file before you begin coding, thereby creating new database records. Each record is limited to 6 @C lines. For example, suppose the service bureau is scanning and coding numerous medical records pertaining to various doctors. The records to be scanned are already sorted by doctor, and due to the nature of medical records, they are also sorted by patient. If you want to have fields filled in within the database as linked records are created, the doctor name and patient names need not be entered repeatedly. Summation assumes that the preceding doctor and patient names are to be used again in the current record if no new names are entered. Error Checking Summation will check to see if duplicates of the new records already exist within the Summation database. When a duplicate is encountered, the Summation user is prompted to either overwrite the existing record or ignore the new record. When the program encounters errors with a particular record during loading, they are documented in an error file. The error file is created in the directory of the case where the DII file is being loaded and has the same name as the DII file except with a â€Å". LOG† extension instead of â€Å". DII. † This error file lists the type of problem and its location (by line number) within the DII file. This log file is written in simple ASCII text format and can be opened with any text editor including Windows Notepad, Wordpad, and Microsoft Word. Example: A DII file named â€Å"DISK1LOAD. DII† is loaded into the â€Å"SMITH V. JONES† case. If errors are encountered during loading, they would be written to a file titled â€Å"DISK1LOAD. LOG† in the Summation program folder under the CASEDATASMITH V. JONES subfolder. 25 Simultaneous Data Entry and Scanning If users coordinate with either an outside vendor or an internal department to scan their documents, they can begin the work of summarizing the documents while they are being scanned. The customer and the scanning group must coordinate the document numbers and names to be used in advance. ) When scanning is complete, the vendor or scanning department can deliver the scanned image files and/or full-text documents to the customer on any removable media the customer’s system is compatible with. Can replace previous entries for tags There are times when organized coordination of document image tags between you and the imaging service bureau is not possible. In this case, it is easier for you to summarize the documents after receiving the files and matching DII file from the service bureau. When the DII file is loaded, it creates database records as it fills the ImgInfo Table. The only information in such a database record is the image tag. The DII data is loaded into the ImgInfo Table and the Image Tags are loaded in the Column to Hold Image Tag (The field in the document database containing the unique image tags for each image in the case. This is often the field that contains the beginning document number, although it may be a special field created for this purpose. The Column to Hold Image Tag cannot be a multientry field; it must be an integer, text or note type field. field of the database table. It is also possible to have additional fields filled in as the linked records are being created. These are linked through the use of the optional @C designator. STARTING WITH SUMMATION Starting A New Case To begin loading evidence into a case, you must start a new case that does not contain information. To start a new case: 1. From the Case menu, select New. 26 2. Assign a name to your case and click OK. 3. When prompted click Yes to assign a password to your case or No to create a case that is not password protected. BACKING UP AND RESTORING DATABASES Both the Core Database and the Notes Database should be backed up regularly to protect against loss of data in the event of database corruption. If you are operating on a network, you may still wish to create an independent backup of these two key components. After backing up the Notes and Core Databases, you should consider running additional utilities to keep the databases â€Å"tuned up†. To Backup the Core and Notes Databases: 27 1. Click once on the case name in the Case Explorer window so that it is selected. 2. Access the Backup utility by: ? Opening the CASE menu and electing Tools OR ? Right-clicking on Core Database in the Case Explorer and selecting Core Database Utilities Select Backup Database†¦ The backup window opens with both the Database and the Notes database options checked. Leave both options checked. Click on Backup. You will be advised when the databases have been successfully backed up. Click OK. LOADING IMAGES WIT H A DII FILE A DII (Document Image Information) file is a text file formatted to batch load summaries with images into a Summation database. Loading database summaries and image information using a DII file is more efficient. Preliminary Steps To help ensure the successful load of images using a DII file, the following steps should be taken prior to loading: ? Open the case into which you want to load the images. ? Back up your database. (From the Case menu, select Tools, Backup Database, and Backup. ) ? Verify the location that Summation has designated for images for this case (the @I value for this case). (From the Case menu, select Customize to open 28 the Case Directory Customization dialog box. ) Note the value in the Image Location field. The default value for this field is a single folder name (such as IMAGES). If the Image Location field contains a folder or folders without a drive letter, then this location is relative to the path in the Case Directory field. However, if the field contains a drive letter followed by a path, then this is the absolute value of Summation’s image path for this case. Most of the time, the Image Location is relative to the Case Directory path. To verify the complete path, simply connect the Image Location value to the end of the Case Directory path. You may want to copy and paste these values to a Notepad document to keep track of them. Example: ? Case Directory field – :PROGRAM FILESSUMMATIONBLAZECASEDATAMY NEW CASE ? Image Location field – IMAGES ? Complete image path – C:PROGRAM FILESSUMMATIONBLAZECASEDATAMY NEW CASEIMAGES The image path is the location that Summation has designated for the images for this case (the @I value for this case. ) ? Verify the images path in the DII file by opening a text editor and locating the image path after the @D token. Example: Sample DII-01 shows the following value: @D @I @D is the default directory of the image files. I is a value that works in conjunction with the @D token to load the image path into Summation’s database. Using the previous case image path example, the @D line would be converted by Summation as C:PROGRAM FILESSUMMATIONBLAZECASEDATAMY NEW CASEIMAGES @I is used to specify the image location. Alternatively, @V or a hardcoded path can be used to designate the Images directory. This tutorial assumes that the DII file is using @I, since that is the most common syntax. The image path can be extended by appending additional subdirectories after the @I value. Example: @D @I estdata1 29 Continuing with the previous example, this @D line would be converted by Summation as C:PROGRAM FILESSUMMATIONBLAZECASEDATAMY NEW CASEIMAGESTESTDATA1 @V Designations. Reading about @V is only necessary if your DII file uses the @V value to designate the image path. If your DII file uses the @I value, skip ahead Step 5. The @V value is a legacy format designation that allows Summation to locate and display image files stored on removable media (such as CD-ROM, DVD, etc. ) by volume name (the disc label). Vendors will typically supply two versions of a DII file: one that uses the @I value and one that uses @V. In almost all cases the preferred version to load is @I. Hard-Coded Path Designations. Reading this section is only necessary if your DII file uses a complete path including computer name or drive letter to designate the image path. If your DII file uses the @I value, skip ahead to Step 5. Summation will accept a complete path value following the @D token, but in order for Summation to display the document images, this path must be valid from the workstation accessing the case in question. Example: @D R:IMAGESDISC101 If a workstation accessing the case in which this DII file was loaded did not have an â€Å"R:† drive correctly mapped to the image file location attempting to view the image(s) would fail. ? Copy the images to the correct directory. ? Before copying IMAGES directory structure, merge all the OCR’s . txt files with the corresponding tiffs. To copy the images: 1. Open Windows Explorer (right-click Start and select Explore) and note the image path you verified in Step 3. NOTE: You can browse to this path quickly by copying and pasting the path from Step 3 into the Address field and pressing Enter. This is the directory that you will copy the images to. 2. Browse to the images that need to be loaded. These images might arrive to you on a CD, a DVD, or an external hard drive. In any case, browse to the images and prepare to copy them to the image location on your computer’s hard drive. 3. Copy the images from the CD, DVD, or external hard drive to the images location. 30 NOTE: It's important to copy the correct folder and subfolders. Verify this first by copying the first directory after the @I token in Step 4 above. Example: (A) @I value from the DII file: @I estdata1 (B) Folder to copy from the CD: D: estdata After verifying the correct folder containing images, copy it to the image path from Step 3 above. After the folders containing images have been copied to the correct image path directory, you are ready to load the DII file. This will populate Summation's database and will allow you to view and manage these images through the Summation interface. Loading the DII File 1. From the Options menu, select Defaults, and click the Imaging tab. 2. Verify the Column to Hold Image Tag. If you are currently using the standard form/table (STDTABLE), the Column to Hold Image Tag field should be set to BEGDOC#. If you are currently using the e-form/table (ETABLE), the Column to Hold Image tag field should be set to DOCID. NOTE: Documents are added or updated by a DII file based on the values in the field selected in the Column to Hold Image Tag. If a value listed after the @T token does not exist in this field for any record, a new record with this value is created. If the value does not exist, then this record's image information is updated. Click OK to save your settings. From the Options menu, select Defaults, and click the Imaging tab, and click Load DII File button. Browse to and select the DII file, and click Open. Click OK. The DII file is loaded into Summation's database and your images can now be viewed and managed through the Summation interface. 3. 4. 5. 6. CHECKING DII FIELDS 1. Right-click on core database in case explorer. 2. Select â€Å"set view to open† option, and check for Column view, Form view, Image viewer, ocrBase viewer and eDocs viewer. Select required view in â€Å"View in focus when opened† window and click ok. 3. Right click on core database and open. 31 . Dialog box appears as below opening in all the formats that are checked in the step 2. 5. Select column view by clicking on that label. 32 6. Before editing anything, change the database to edit mode from display mode. ( right-click on the column and check edit option). 7. Double click on the fields label. 8. You will find a small field list table containing a ll the available fields. 33 9. Double click on any field to bring it to view or to hide it from the view. This way we can add or remove required fields and can check whether all the fields have generated correctly in the loaded dii file. 10. Once all the required fields are selected, right click on any of the label and check display to come back to display mode. 11. Click on eDocs, Image, ocrBase or form in the lower toolbar to view in the respective format. ADDING FIELDS TO DATABASE 1. Fields are added through the Form Editor. To access the Form Editor, select â€Å"Options –> Utilities†, then select the â€Å"Create or Modify Forms † options. This will launch a separate window called the Form Editor. Now you will want to decide where you want your new field to reside. 34 Figure: Form editor 2. You may need to reorganize the form to fit the custom field. The Form may be resizable just like any window, by dragging the cursor near the corners to bring into view the resize cursor (the thin black line with arrows on either end). Click and drag to resize the form if necessary. 3. A light line around fields denotes a frame grouping of selected fields on the form. To resize the frame, click your cursor on the line until small black squares surround the frame, then click and drag them. 4. On the small floating toolbar, click on the button denoted with an ‘ab'. 5. Click on the form where you want to place the new field. A small dialog box will open, listing the currently available fields in the selected form. 6. Click on the â€Å"New† button to create a new field. 7. Assign a name and data type to the new field. 35 A field NAME must not contain any special characters or spaces, and must be less than 8 characters long, because Summation references the field name internally. The field label may be customized to the users preference. 8. Once you have assigned a name and label, you need to select a data type. It is important to put some thought into selecting a field data type, since you cannot change the data type on a field once it has been created. If you are unsure of which data type to assign to your field, click on the radio button next to each option to view a brief description in the bottom portion of the dialog box. 9. Click â€Å"Create New Column†. When prompted that the column was created successfully, click â€Å"OK†. 10. Click †Close† to return to the Field List dialog. If you should need to create multiple fields follow steps 7 through 9 until all fields have been created. 11. The new field should be one of the choices and will be selected by default. Click â€Å"OK† to select the new field and place it on the form. To adjust the field's position on the form, click and drag it to a different location. To adjust the field label and the field box individually, click anywhere on the form to unselect them. Then click back on the item you want to resize or reposition. 12. When you have successfully created, sized and positioned all custom fields, click on the â€Å"Save† icon in the toolbars. If your database contains data in it, you will be prompted to copy data to new table structure, click â€Å"OK†. 13. Close the Form Editor by selecting â€Å"Exit† from the â€Å"File† menu. 14. Click â€Å"Close† to close the Utilities dialog. To Load ocrBase Documents Using the Load Full-Text Documents Dialog: 36 Double-click on ocrBase in Case Explorer OR select ocrBase from the VIEW menu. Make sure ocrBase is in the active view. 1. From the FILE menu, select Load ocrBase Documents. 2. Select the Choose Files tab. 3. The default directory shown is the current case directory or the last directory selected using the Browse button. If the documents are located in another directory, click on Browse to navigate to that folder. 4. Select the files you want to load using any of the following techniques: ? Hold Ctrl and click on the document files one at a time ? Hold Shift, click on the first document file, then click on the last document file ? Click on the first document file, then hold the left mouse button down as you drag to the last document file you wish to load ? Select the Select All option to load all document files in the files window ? To cancel the selection of a file, click on the filename again 5. If you want Summation to verify the document numbers against any templates associated with the Column to Hold Image Tag field (BEGDOC# or other field, as needed), leave Check Templates selected. If you do not want the document numbers verified against any existing templates, clear the Check Templates selection. 6. Select one of the options in the Document ID (BEGDOC#) section: ? Ask Me (default): During the loading process, you will be prompted to enter a Document ID number for each document file being loaded. ? Use Filename: The document filename will be used during the loading process as the Document ID. 7. Click Load Documents. Summation loads the documents into the ocrBase. SEARCHING (Before doing any kind of search, make sure Core Database box is checked in case explorer) 37 . Check on the core Database in the case explorer. 2. Open the database in the column view. 3. Double click on â€Å"Searches† under the Core Database Views in case explorer. 38 4. Core Database Query dialog box appears. 5. Select the required field in â€Å"Search one of these Fields†. Click on â€Å"More fields Choices† to choose from more number of fields. Double click on the required field and see that Query appears on the query box below. 6. Same way give the required values in the section 2 & 3. 7. Execute the query. For example, Consider searching for docDates. Steps: 1. Click on docDate box under â€Å"Search one of these fields† (section1). 2. Scroll down on the drop down list, â€Å"in this manner† (section2) section and select the required field. 3. Enter the date in â€Å"For this value† (section3). 4. Full Query appears on the query box. 39 5. Click Ok to execute the query. 6. All the documents that match with the query will be listed. 7. To retrieve back all the documents, Go to Search-;Retrieve all summaries. QUICK SEARCH USING CASE EXPLORER When you use the Case Explorer to search the Core Database, the results appear in the Search Results format. The search results can be printed in the stacked format directly from the Search Results View. To Quick Search using the Case Explorer 1. Make the Case Explorer window the focus. 2. Click the check boxes next to the components you wish to search (e. g. Core Database, Transcripts, Transcript Notes, ocrBase). ? ? ? ? ? Core Database Transcript Notes eDocs & eMail ocrBase Notes ocrBase 40 ? Chronology of Events ? People ? Pleadings 4. Click in the Quick Search box. Depending on what combination of case elements you have selected, the Search dialog appears. Here you can change your search results Sort Order and/or specify running a Standard or HotFacts only search. 4. Type the search term or phrase in the white Quick Search box. You can use wildcards and compound operators (AND/OR connectors) in your search. ? Multi-character wildcard = an asterisk (*) ? Single-character wildcard = a question mark (? ) ? AND connector = & or AND (there must be spaces between the AND and the words) ? OR connector = (a backwards slash usually located above the Enter key on your keyboard) or OR (there must be spaces between the OR and the words) ? You can also use Intelli-Parse if you wish to conduct field-specific searches Click the Search button to run the search. The search results will appear in a new Search Results window. COMPOUND SEARCHES CONNECTORS IN THE DATABASE: 41 Connectors make it easy to search for document summaries where varying conditions are to be used, for example, to find document summaries where a name is in a summary field and where a certain type of document is involved. Connectors can also widen the search to include summaries of several sorts; such as, summaries concerning documents dated in the current year or any documents mentioning the defendant. As a general rule, using the connector AND narrow the search, while using the connector OR widens the search. Up to 10 connectors can be used in a search of the document summaries. Search Connectors Connector AND Definition A summary contains both values Summaries contain either of the values Example DOCDATE EQ 5/15/90 AND DOCTYPE OR DOCDATE EQ 6/15/90 OR DOCDATE EQ 7/12/90 AND NOT This excludes a NAME EQ â€Å"Smith, J. † AND NOT DOCTYPE EQ summary that Memo meets the connected value This requests NAME EQ â€Å"Smith, J. † OR NOT DOCTYPE EQ OR NOT 42 ocument summaries where the Name equals â€Å"Smith, J. † or the Doctype field does not equal Memo Memo You can create a more complex Quick Search by combining search clauses. To narrow the search, use the AND connector, designated by the ampersand (&). To broaden the search, connect your search clauses using the backslash () to represent the OR connector. You may use a total of ten clauses (i. e. , any combination of up to nine AND and/or OR connectors). Use parentheses to denote precedence or relationships between clauses within the search phrase. Sample ‘OR' Search: bill presley Sample ‘AND' Search: fire & terminate It makes no difference whether or not you put spaces between the words and the connectors. DRILL DOWN SEARCHING If you're reviewing a transcript on screen and come across a term of interest, you can search for other occurrences of that term without losing your focus by using Summation's Drill Down Searching function. Simply highlight the term of interest, right mouse click, and select â€Å"Search for ‘term'† from the menu that appears. Summation will take you to the next occurrence of the term. 43 How to Run a Drill Down Search 1. Open a transcript. 2. Right click on the text for which you want to search. 3. From the right click context menu that appears, select â€Å"Search for ‘text'. † Summation goes to the next occurrence of the term in the open transcript USING WILDCARDS IN SEARCHES Searches in Summation are done on a whole-word basis: a search for agree will find just that, not words including â€Å"agree† like â€Å"agreement. † Sometimes you need to search for more than just whole words. To accomplish this Summation Blaze supports wildcards in searches. The asterisk (*) designates a wildcard, which can represent any portion of a word. Using wildcards widens the field of possible hits generated by the search. Wildcards are used to find all words that have your search phrase embedded within them. If you run a Quick Search for TERM*, the search is expanded to encompass any word with â€Å"term† as the base, for example, â€Å"term,† â€Å"terminate,† â€Å"termination,† etc. Your placement of the asterisk (either preceding or following the word, or embedded within letters) determines the hits that result. You can use wildcards in any type of search within Summation. 44 Type This agree [no wildcard needed] agree* *gree *agree* To Find AGREE Words beginning with AGREE-, such as agreement or agreeable Words ending with -GREE, such as disagree, pedigree Words with -AGREE- as the root, such as disagreement Words beginning with A- and ending with -EEP, such as asleep a*eep USING SEARCH CONNECTORS The Summation system provides you with means to perform both simple and complex searches. You can search all fields in the document database (using the Quick Search Box) or select specific fields to search (using the Full Boolean Search dialog). This Tutorial walks you through setting up and performing both simple and complex searches. When you enter a search term or phrase in the Quick Search box, Summation conducts an Anytext search and searches for the specified text in all fields in all summaries in the database. If you want to refine your search to multiple terms and/or phrases, then you can use â€Å"connectors†. You can further refine your search to specific fields in the database, by performing a Full Boolean search (as opposed to a search from Quick Search box). The available connectors in Summation are AND, OR, AND NOT, and OR NOT. You can connect up to ten search clauses in one Boolean search using nine connectors. The Full Boolean search provides a list of operators specific to each field, which you can use (in conjunction with connectors) to further refine your search to terms in designated database fields. Search Connectors Using An Anytext Search 1. Launch Summation. 45 2. Open the Core Database, by double-clicking on its corresponding item in the Case Explorer tree. 3. Put the focus on the Form or Column View, by clicking on the respective view. 4. Type a search term in the Quick Search Box (the field above the Core Database view with the phrase Enter Search Phrase populated in it). 5. Link words or phrases with a connector to search on multiple terms or phrases. (For example, Smith AND taxes OR court. ) Note: A space must lead and follow each connector. The connectors should always be in capital letters. 6. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you complete entering all desired search terms/phrases and connectors. Note: If you search string includes more than 5 terms, you may find it more efficient to use the Full Boolean search setup dialog. 7. Click the Search button on the Toolbar, to the left of the Quick Search Box, to process the search. Searching Using The Full Boolean Dialog Box 1. Launch Summation. . Open the Core Database, by double-clicking on its corresponding item in the Case Explorer tree. 3. Put the focus on the Form or Column View, by clicking on the respective view. 4. Click the Boolean button in the Toolbar. 5. In Section 1 of the Full Boolean dialog, choose the Anytext icon (or other default icon) or choose â€Å"More Field Choices† to select fields from the active table. 6. In Section 2 of the Full Boolean dialog, use the default connector (e. g. contains) or select a connector from the drop-down list. 7. In Section 3 of the Full Boolean dialog, type the search term or phrase you want to search on. 6 8. Click the Connector button to add another search string (field, connector and term/phrase). 9. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 until all search strings have been entered. 10. Click the Display Results button to process the search. Using HotFacts with ocrBase just as u can identify a transcript note, a core database record or an ocrbase note as a hot fact, you can also use the hotfact â€Å"flag† to identify key ocrbase documents in your case. to mark an ocrbase document as a hotfact: ? Click on the ? Click on the so that it becomes again to unmark the document. SEARCHING HOTFACTS You can search only database records flagged as HotFacts when you check the Document Database folder at the Case Folder – Main Window. The Search Document DB dialog appears, consisting of 2 sections: Sort Order and Search Type. The first 2 Sort Order field options are Date (DOCDATE) and Issue (ISSUES). The third sort order field option is taken from the first field set in your Sort Order tab, found under the Query tab in the document database. If there is no sort order set there, the third option will read â€Å"Unsorted Doc DB†. The Search Type section determines what set of document database summaries you want to search. To search all HotFacts, select Only HotFacts and then Everyone’s. To search only your own HotFacts, select Only HotFacts and then My HotFacts. 47 Searching Document Database Records Flagged as HotFacts 1. From the Case Folder – Main Window, check the Document Database folder. 2. The Search Document DB dialog appears. 3. In the Sort Order section, select the field by which you want to sort your search results. You can choose Date, Issue, or the first field you have selected in your Document Database Sort Order. 4. In the Search Type section, select the record set in which you want to search: only HotFacts (all HotFacts), or My HotFacts. . Type the phrase for which you want to search into the Quick Search Box on the toolbar. 6. Click on the search binoculars to display the Search Results. SEARCHING CASE OUTLINES â€Å"You can search the case outline. For example, in the figure below, you see a search for ‘damage,' showing the first hit found in the Case Outline: th e word ‘damages. ‘ Because the search algorithm here provides for a simple string search, it will find any phrase containing the same characters (e. g. a search for ‘damage' will find ‘damaged' ‘damages' and ‘damaged'. Subsequent hits can be found by clicking again on the OK button. Summation indicates the line with the hit by outlining it in black. † 48 FILTERED FUZZY SEARCHING The Fuzzy Search is a variation on the Quick Search that allows you to search for a specific word and words spelled similarly to it. This tool can be used in a variety of circumstances, for example when working with documents that have been processed by optical character recognition software, since certain characters are often mistaken for similarly-shaped ones during that process. You can also use the fuzzy search to look for words that may have been misspelled, or for words with British spellings (such as â€Å"flavour† and â€Å"flavor†). The Fuzzy Search finds near-matches to your search requirements. It is available for searching your transcripts and/or full text (ocrBase) documents. When used to search transcripts and/or full text documents from the Case Folder – Main Window, the words found are displayed in a list of approximate matches. Filtered fuzzy searching lets you search transcripts and/or ocrBase documents for nearmatches of a single word, without having to wade through numerous false 49 positives. This allows you to select only the words in which you are interested and run another search by clicking on the Search button. A standard search for these words is then launched, displaying the hits in the regular Search Results Window, from which you can print them, write them to file, mark them as HotFacts, or drag them into the Case Organizer. The List of Approximate Matches for a Filtered Fuzzy Search 1. From the Case Folder – Main Window, check the ocrBase and/or transcript folders you wish to search. 2. Enter the term for which you want to search into the Quick Search Box. 3. Click the Fuzzy Search button on the toolbar. 50 4. A list of approximate matches appears, with the original word(s) preselected. To narrow your search, enter a higher percentage similar and click on Refind. To broaden your search, enter a lower % similar, and click on Refind. (You can select percentages between 65% and 99%. ) 5. When you're satisfied with your list of matches, select the ones for which you wish to search by clicking on them; choose all words by clicking on Select ALL words. (You can deselect words by clicking on them. ) 6. Click the Search button. Your hits are displayed in the Search Results Window. SORTING By default, contents of fields are sorted in standard A to Z, 0 to 9 sequence. You can designate descending sort (Turn this option on from the Sort Order tab of the Query page of the Document Database folder. This option forces the contents of the field to be sorted in reverse order, Z to A and 9 to 0. Ascending sort order is the default when a field is included in the sort order) using the Sort Order tab of the Document Database folder. You can also have your note hits sorted in reverse-chronological order. 1. Open the database in column view. 2. Right-Click on the column label, Click sort by â€Å"label† option. 51 To change the default order: ? Double-click on icon on the toolbar. ? Check the box in the â€Å"Sort by† table. Give OK. 52 Conclusion This concludes the detailed discussion with reference to the application of Summation to facilitate the QC process. While there are more uses and applications of Summation in EDD these have been omitted to focus the reference of the context under discussion. If you have any queries / suggestion please feel free to contact me at [email  protected] net. In case you need specific detailed references please feel free to use the links below: References: http://www. summation. com/Support/tutorials. aspx http://info. summation. com/products/pdfs/ http://support. summation. com/knowbase/technotes 53